Determination of Anthraquinone in Technical Material, Formulations, and Lettuce by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

Foraging on lettuce seeds and seedlings by horned larks (Eremophila alpestris) causes millions of dollars in losses to the California lettuce crop annually. Anthraquinone (AQ; 9,10-anthracenedione) has been shown to deter pest birds from consuming the seeds and seedlings of several plant species and was evaluated as a repellent to horned larks when applied to lettuce seedlings. A set of analytical methods using simple liquid extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis were developed for the quantitation of AQ as technical material, as an active ingredient in a commercial formulation, and as a residue in lettuce plants. The methods were easy, reliable, and repeatable. AQ recoveries from control formulation fortified to concentrations of either 24 or 600 mg g(-)(1) were 99 (+/-1.2%) and 98% (+/-1.2%), respectively, with a control formulation method limit of detection (MLOD) of 0.50 mg g(-)(1). Control lettuce tissues from three growth stages were AQ-fortified to concentrations of 0.50 and 500 microg g(-)(1). The resulting AQ recoveries for the two fortification levels were 99 (+/-8.5) and 89% (+/-1.5%) for 11 day old seedlings, 95 (+/-2.6%) and 86% (2.1%) for 16 day old plants, and 92 (+/-1.4%) and 93% (+/-1.1%) for adult head lettuce cover leaves, respectively. The MLODs for the same three lettuce tissues were 0.055, 0.058, and 0.077 microg g(-)(1), respectively. These methods were used to quantify AQ residues from field-grown, treated lettuce and associated fortified quality control samples.

Effectiveness of Flight Control™ to Reduce Damage to Lettuce Seedlings from Horned Larks

“…At the conclusion of the study, all samples were shipped overnight in coolers with ice packs to the National Wildlife Research Center in Fort Collins, CO for analysis. The validated analytical method (Mauldin et al 2002) was used to determine the residue concentration of anthraquinone.…”

Determination of anthraquinone in tea by stable isotope dilution assay-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

“…As the parent of anthraquinone dye, AQ is used in synthetic disperse dyes, acidic dyes and reactive dyes. As an additive in the papermaking process, AQ can accelerate the delignification rate and increase the yield of pulp [1][2][3][4]. The basic parent nucleus of anthraquinones is AQ, and natural anthraquinones are mainly hydroxyl anthraquinone derivatives.…”

Determination of metribuzin content in pesticide formulations using electroanalytical methodology

“…The method for the determination of metribuzin recommended by the Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council (CIPAC) in pesticide formulations is based on chromatography (21). Generally, chromatography requires several stages before analysis, including laborious and time-consuming clean-up procedure (22)(23)(24)(25). Because of a wide variety of plant protection products available on the market nowadays, the current challenge in analytical chemistry is to develop methods for determination of the active substances contained in plant protection products in the shortest possible time, followed by its easy application.…”