Determination of an inflection point for a dosimetric analysis of unflattened beam using the first principle of derivatives by python code programming

Shende, Ravindra; Gupta, Gourav; Macherla, Subash

doi:10.1016/j.rpor.2019.07.009

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The characteristics of the beam profile were measured at depths of 12, 20, and 200 mm when the SSD was set as 100 cm and the field size was 10 × 10 cm 2 . A flattening filter to enhance the flatness of the X‐ray photon beam was not used 32 . At each depth, the position of the ion chamber was changed at intervals of 2 mm along the X‐axis and Z‐axis directions, and the dose at each location was measured.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Medical X‐band linear accelerator for high‐precision radiotherapy

et al. 2021

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Purpose Recently, high‐precision radiotherapy systems have been developed by integrating computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging to enhance the precision of radiotherapy. For integration with additional imaging systems in a limited space, miniaturization and weight reduction of the linear accelerator (linac) system have become important. The aim of this work is to develop a compact medical linac based on 9.3 GHz X‐band RF technology instead of the S‐band RF technology typically used in the radiotherapy field. Methods The accelerating tube was designed by 3D finite‐difference time‐domain and particle‐in‐cell simulations because the frequency variation resulting from the structural parameters and processing errors is relatively sensitive to the operating performance of the X‐band linac. Through the 3D simulation of the electric field distribution and beam dynamics process, we designed an accelerating tube to efficiently accelerate the electron beam and used a magnetron as the RF source to miniaturize the entire linac. In addition, a side‐coupled structure was adopted to design a compact linac to reduce the RF power loss. To verify the performance of the linac, we developed a beam diagnostic system to analyze the electron beam characteristics and a quality assurance (QA) experimental environment including 3D lateral water phantoms to analyze the primary performance parameters (energy, dose rate, flatness, symmetry, and penumbra) The QA process was based on the standard protocols AAPM TG‐51, 106, 142 and IAEA TRS‐398. Results The X‐band linac has high shunt impedance and electric field strength. Therefore, even though the length of the accelerating tube is 37 cm, the linac could accelerate an electron beam to more than 6 MeV and produce a beam current of more than 90 mA. The transmission ratio is measured to be approximately 30% ~ 40% when the electron gun operates in the constant emission region. The percent depth dose ratio at the measured depths of 10 and 20 cm was approximately 0.572, so we verified that the photon beam energy was matched to approximately 6 MV. The maximum dose rate was measured as 820 cGy/min when the source‐to‐skin distance was 80 cm. The symmetry was smaller than the QA standard and the flatness had a higher than standard value due to the flattening filter‐free beam characteristics. In the case of the penumbra, it was not sufficiently steep compared to commercial equipment, but it could be compensated by improving additional devices such as multileaf collimator and jaw. Conclusions A 9.3 GHz X‐band medical linac was developed for high‐precision radiotherapy. Since a more precise design and machining process are required for X‐band RF technology, this linac was developed by performing a 3D simulation and ultraprecision machining. The X‐band linac has a short length and a compact volume, but it can generate a validated therapeutic beam. Therefore, it has more flexibility to be coupled with imaging systems such as CT or MRI and can reduce the bore size of the gantry. In add...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A flattening filter to enhance the flatness of the X-ray photon beam was not used. 32 At each depth, the position of the ion chamber was changed at intervals of 2 mm along the X-axis and Z-axis directions, and the dose at each location was measured. The measurement results are shown in Figure 16 and Table 5.…”

Section: Quality Assurance Measurement Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medical X‐band linear accelerator for high‐precision radiotherapy

et al. 2021

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“…This stage then preprocesses the data to be analyzed using python programming language using pandas and matplotlib libraries. The use of python programming is essential because it follows mathematical concepts and principles [22].…”

Section: Process Research Methods and Research Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Platform Digital and Content Innovation to Increase Youth Interest in the Agricultural Sector

Mambang

Marleny

2022

J. RESTI (Rekayasa Sist. Teknol. Inf.)

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The use of digital technology is essential in increasing the younger generation's interest in the agricultural sector. Deficient awareness of youth in the agricultural sector, even though the agricultural sector has great potential and has a crucial role in handling anything. The methodology carried out in this study uses data collection, initial processing of data, analysis using python, evaluation, and validation of results. Content with agricultural topics, the use of the Internet of things on agriculture that contains the content of the role of the younger generation in the agricultural sector is then used as a dataset. Variables analyzed in these contents include the year of content creation, how many subscribers, number of viewers, number of videos. In-person interviews with the younger generation were also conducted in this study to explore information with variables in knowledge levels, family environment factors, land availability, social practice, risk factors, and income. The results and discussions of the analysis of content related to agriculture and the Internet of things showed the younger generation's interest in farming with the help of digital platforms. Of the 30 respondents who were used as a sample, prestige social has the highest value compared to other variables with 0,59. The results obtained from the analysis showed that the number of impressions on content related to the younger generation in the agricultural sector reached 248,882,953 impressions and the number of impressions related to Internet of Things content as many as 23. 969 impressions. The use of technology with the digital Youtube platform is an excellent opportunity in giving birth to various kinds of innovations by utilizing digital technology to support the sustainability of the agricultural sector in Indonesia.

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“…Let ( ) be a function, which is continuous at a point , ( ) can have a finite or infinite derivative at that point. If, when passing through , the function changes the direction of convexity, then is called a point of inflection [17].…”

Section: B Inflection Points and Second Derivativementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second derivative [17], [18] of a function ( ). If is a point of inflection, and the function has a second derivative in some neighborhood of , which is continuous at the point itself, then, ( ) .…”

Section: B Inflection Points and Second Derivativementioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Function Integration and a Case Study with Gompertz Functions for Covid-19 Waves

Huayta¹,

Tito²

2022

IJACSA

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Numerical algorithms are widely used in different applications, therefore, the execution time of the functions involved in numerical algorithms is important, and, in some cases, decisive, for example, in machine learning algorithms. Given a finite set of independent functions A(x), B(x), ..., Z(x) with domains defined by disjoint, consecutive, and not necessarily adjacent intervals, the main goal is to integrate into a single function F(x) = k1×A(x) + k2×B(x) + … + kn×Z(x), where each activation coefficient k, is one if x is in the interval of the respective domain and zero otherwise. The novelty of this work is the presentation and formal demonstration of two general forms of integration of functions in a single function: The first is the mathematical version and the second is the computational version (with the AND function at the bit level), which is characterized by its efficiency. The result is applied in a case study (Peru), where two regression functions were obtained that integrate all the waves of Covid-19, that is, the epidemic curve of the variable global number of deaths/infected per day, the adjustment provided a highly statistically significant measure of correlation, a Pearson's product-moment correlation of 0.96 and 0.98 respectively. Finally, the size of the epidemic was projected for the next 30 days.

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Determination of an inflection point for a dosimetric analysis of unflattened beam using the first principle of derivatives by python code programming

Cited by 9 publications

References 13 publications

Medical X‐band linear accelerator for high‐precision radiotherapy

Medical X‐band linear accelerator for high‐precision radiotherapy

Platform Digital and Content Innovation to Increase Youth Interest in the Agricultural Sector

Efficient Function Integration and a Case Study with Gompertz Functions for Covid-19 Waves

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