Determination of amygdalin in apple seeds, fresh apples and processed apple juices

Bolarinwa, Islamiyat Folashade; Orfila, Caroline; Morgan, Michael R. A.

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.083

Cited by 122 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…"lthough apples are rich sources of vitamins and other nutrients, apple seeds contain high levels of cyanogenic glycosides. "mygdalin content of apple seeds ranged from 1 to 4 mg/g while that of apple juice was reported to be between 0.001 and 0.08 mg/ml [13,37].…”

Section: 5 Apple Malus Domesticamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…"iter apricot kernels contain high amount of the cyanogenic glycosides, amygdalin, which can cause cyanide toxicity problems at high dose and thus, unsafe for consumption. Sweet apricot kernels as well as apricot lesh are safe for human consumption because of their low level of cyanogens [13,38]. The concentration of hydrogen cyanide in "pricot kernels varies widely (49-4000 mg/kg), depending on whether skin on or of varieties is surveyed.…”

Section: 5 Apricot Fruits Prunus Armeniacamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Diferent kinds of cyanogenic glycosides may be found in diferent cyanogenic food plants, for example, taxiphyllin in bamboo shoots, linamarin in cassava [ ]. Several commercial crop plants, such as sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), apple, apricot, almond kernels cassava (Manihot esculenta), and barley (Hordeum vulgare), are cyanogenic and accumulate signiicant amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [2,13,14]. Generally, the level of cyanogenic glycosides produced is dependent upon the age and the variety of the plant, as well as environmental factors [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A Review of Cyanogenic Glycosides in Edible Plants

Bolarinwa¹,

Oke²,

Olaniyan³

et al. 2016

Toxicology - New Aspects to This Scientific Conundrum

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Section: 5 Apple Malus Domesticamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: 5 Apricot Fruits Prunus Armeniacamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A Review of Cyanogenic Glycosides in Edible Plants

Bolarinwa¹,

Oke²,

Olaniyan³

et al. 2016

Toxicology - New Aspects to This Scientific Conundrum

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“…Apricot kernels contain approximately 20-80 µmol*g -1 of amygdalin, and it is very high (5.5 g*100 g -1 ) in bitter apricot cultivars while it is not detected in the sweet ones (Femenia et al, 1995). CGs are natural plant toxicants (Bolarinwa et al, 2015). The genetic control of cyanogenesis has no unique mechanism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood plasma levels of anterior pituitary hormones of rabbits after apricot seed exposure in vivo

Michalcová¹,

Halenár²,

Tušimová³

et al. 2016

j. cent. eur. agric.

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The present study describes possible changes in plasma levels of anterior pituitary hormones induced by bitter apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) seeds in young female rabbits in vivo. Prunus armeniaca L. is an important medicinal edible plant species commonly known as "apricot". The apricot is a member of the Rosaceae and subfamily Prunoideae. It is one of the most delicious and commercially traded fruits in the world. Apricot kernel is the inner part of the seed of the apricot fruit. The kernel is used to produce oil and other chemicals used for medicinal purposes. The seeds are potentially useful in human nutrition and for treatment several diseases especially cancer. In the present study apricot seeds were mixed with feed at different doses 0, 60, 300, 420 mg*kg -1 of body weight. ELISA was used to determine the levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL). 58-days application of apricot seeds did not affect the concentration (P≥0.05) of PRL, LH in blood plasma. Significant (P≤0.01) inhibition of FSH levels induced by the seeds was found at the dose of 420 mg*kg -1 but not at 60 and 300 mg*kg -1 of body weight. These results are suggesting that the natural substances present in apricot seeds may be involved in mechanisms of ovarian folliculogenesis. AbstraktTáto štúdia popisuje možnú zmenu koncentrácie hormónov adenohypofýzy u mladých samíc králikov, vyvolanú biologickou aktivitou horkých marhuľových semien (Prunus armeniaca L.). Prunus armeniaca L. je jedlý liečivý druh všeobecne známy ako "marhuľa". Marhuľa obyčajná patrí do čeľade Rosaceae a podčeľade Prunoideae. Reprezentuje jedno z najchutnejších a komerčne ľahko dostupných ovocných druhov na svetovom trhu. Marhuľové semeno je vnútorná časť jadra marhúľ. Semeno sa využíva na výrobu oleja a iných chemických zlúčenín, ktoré našli uplatnenie v medicíne. Semená sú potenciálne vhodné pre ľudskú výživu a na liečbu mnohých ochorení najmä nádorov. V predloženej štúdii boli marhuľové semená pridané do krmiva v rôznych dávkach 0, 60, 300, 420 mg*kg -1 telesnej hmotnosti. Následne bola na stanovenie folikulostimulačného (FSH), luteinizačného hormónu (LH) a prolaktínu (PRL) použitá ELISA metóda. 58-dňová aplikácia marhuľových semien nemala vplyv (P≥0.05) na koncentráciu PRL, LH v krvnej plazme. Významná (P≤0.01) inhibícia uvoľňovania FSH bola indukovaná pri dávke 420 mg*kg -1 živej hmotnosti marhuľových semien. Tieto výsledky naznačujú, že prírodné látky prítomné v semenách marhúľ, by mohli byť zapojené do mechanizmov ovariálnej folikulogenézy.

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“…Os glicosídeos cianogênicos, dentre os quais a amigdalina, são compostos de defesa das plantas, que estão na forma glicosilada e, assim, temporariamente inativos, até que ocorra a ação de enzimas que hidrolisam a molécula (BOLARINWA; ORFILA; MORGAN, 2015). A hidrólise da amigdalina ocorre primeiramente pela ação de amigdalina hidrolase, que age sobre a ligação β 1-6 entre as duas glicoses.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

ATIVIDADE DE SS-Glucosidases EM EXTRATO ENZIMÁTICO OBTIDO DE AMÊNDOAS DE PÊSSEGO

et al. 2015

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RESUMO-A presença dos glicosídeos cianogênicos amigdalina e prunassina, e de β-glucosidases as quais hidrolisam estas moléculas, faz com que a amêndoa de pêssego apresente potencial toxidez pela possibilidade de liberação de cianeto de hidrogênio, impossibilitando a utilização da amêndoa e de subprodutos como alimentos. até o presente, não há dados disponíveis na literatura sobre as condições de hidrólise das enzimas presentes neste material. este trabalho visou a mensurar o conteúdo de amigdalina, e as condições ideais de pH, temperatura e concentração do substrato de extrato bruto de β-glucosidases para a atuação enzimática, em amêndoas de pêssego. os resultados demonstraram a presença do glicosídeo na amêndoa de pêssego em níveis semelhantes aos relatados para outras amêndoas. Quanto à atividade de β-glucosidase, a enzima apresentou K m e v máx de 2,7 mmol.l -1 de amigdalina e 0,1407 mmol de glicose.min -1 .mg -1 de proteína, respectivamente, valores que indicam menor afinidade pelo substrato amigdalina do que de enzimas purificadas que catalisam as mesmas reações. O pH ótimo da enzima foi o 7,0, porém entre 5,0; 6,0 e 8,0 ainda ocorre elevada atividade. a enzima demonstrou estabilidade nas temperaturas empregadas neste estudo, apresentando máxima atividade a 60ºC. Deste modo, o uso destas alterações não é suficiente para inativação enzimática e utilização segura das amêndoas de pêssego. Termos para indexação: amigdalina, liberação de cianeto de hidrogênio, Prunus persica. β -GLUCOSIDASE ACTIVITY IN ENZYME EXTRACT OBTAINED FROM PEACH KERNELABSTRACT -The presence of cyanogenic glycoside amygdalin and prunasin, and of β-glucosidases which hydrolyze these molecules, causes potential toxicity in peach kernel by the possible hydrogen cyanide release, disabling the use of the kernel and their sub-products as foods. Until now, no data are available in the literature on the conditions of the enzymes hydrolysis present in this material. This study aimed to measure the amygdalin content, and the optimal conditions of pH, temperature and substrate concentration of β-glucosidases crude extract for the enzymatic activity. The results showed the presence of the glycoside in peach almond in levels similar to those found for other almond kernels. Regarding the activity of β-glucosidase, the enzyme showed K m and v max of 2.7 mmol l -1 of amygdalin and 0.1407 mmol of glicose. min -1 .mg -1 of protein respectively, values that indicate lower affinity for amygdalin substrate than purified enzymes that catalyze the same reaction. The optimum pH of the enzyme was 7.0, but between 5.0, 6.0 and 8.0 high activity still occurs. The enzyme showed stability at the temperatures employed in this study, with maximum activity at 60 ° C. Thus, the use of these changes is not sufficient for enzyme inactivation and safe use of peach kernels.

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Determination of amygdalin in apple seeds, fresh apples and processed apple juices

Cited by 122 publications

References 22 publications

A Review of Cyanogenic Glycosides in Edible Plants

A Review of Cyanogenic Glycosides in Edible Plants

Blood plasma levels of anterior pituitary hormones of rabbits after apricot seed exposure in vivo

ATIVIDADE DE SS-Glucosidases EM EXTRATO ENZIMÁTICO OBTIDO DE AMÊNDOAS DE PÊSSEGO

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