Determination of amphetamine-type stimulants, ketamine and metabolites in fingernails by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Kim, Jin Young; Shin, Soon Ho; In, Moon Kyo

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.10.023

Cited by 65 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Amphetamines are generally assessed by urine analysis. Many methods have been reported to assess amphetamines compounds in human urine samples using gas chromatography (GC) [3], high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [4,5], GC/mass spectrometry (MS) [6][7][8][9][10][11][12], HPLC-MS [13,14], capillary electrophoresis (CE) [15], and CE-MS [16]. GC and GC-MS methods are often preferred for quantitative determination of ecstasy and amphetamines compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solid-phase extraction followed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the sensitive determination of ecstasy compounds and amphetamines in biological samples

Mashayekhi¹,

Rezaee²,

Khalilian³

2014

Bull. Chem. Soc. Eth.

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ABSTRACT. A novel approach for the determination of ecstasy and amphetamines (3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) and 3,4-methylenedioxypropylamphetamine (MDPA)) in biological samples is presented. The analytes were extracted from the matrix and transferred to a small volume of a high density, water insoluble solvent using solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME). This combination not only resulted in a high enrichment factor, but also it could be used in complex matrices (biological samples). Some important extraction parameters, such as sample solution flow rate, sample pH, type and volume of extraction and disperser solvents as well as the salt addition, were studied and optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration graphs were linear in the range of 0.5-500 µg L -1 and 1.0-500 µg L -1 with detection limits in the range of 0.1-0.3 µg L -1 and 0.2-0.7 µg L -1 in urine and plasma samples, respectively. The results showed that SPE-DLLME is a suitable method for the determination of ecstasy components and amphetamines in biological and water samples.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solid-phase extraction followed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the sensitive determination of ecstasy compounds and amphetamines in biological samples

Mashayekhi¹,

Rezaee²,

Khalilian³

2014

Bull. Chem. Soc. Eth.

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“…Pre-analytical and analytical techniques Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) operated in electron ionization (EI) mode has been the preferred technique for the detection of methamphetamine (mAMP), amphetamine (AMP), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) in nails [16,[21][22][23][24][25]. Decontamination consisting of water and methanol washes was found to be efficient as no substances were detected in a methanol wash performed after the normal decontamination procedure [23].…”

Section: Literature Searchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Decontamination consisting of water and methanol washes was found to be efficient as no substances were detected in a methanol wash performed after the normal decontamination procedure [23]. Washing has usually been followed by alkaline extraction and further clean-up with liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) [8,16,[22][23][24]. In recent years, a rapid and easy sample preparation procedure was proposed in which decontamination was immediately followed by mechanical pulverization of the nail, methanol extraction, and purification by high speed centrifugation [25].…”

Section: Literature Searchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nail analysis for the detection of drugs of abuse and pharmaceuticals: a review

et al. 2014

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Nails can stably accumulate substances for long periods of time, thus providing retrospective information regarding drugs of abuse and pharmaceutical use. Nails have several advantages over the conventional matrices, such as blood and urine, including a longer detection window (months to years), non-invasive sample collection, and easy storage and transport. These aspects make nails a very interesting matrix for forensic and clinical toxicology. Because of the low concentrations of drugs of abuse and pharmaceuticals present in nails and the complexity of the keratinized matrix, analytical methods need to be more sensitive, and sample preparation is crucial. This review summarizes the literature regarding the detection and quantification of drugs of abuse and pharmaceuticals in nails, as well as the employed pre-analytical and analytical techniques. Additionally, the applications of nail analysis are reviewed. Finally, an overview of the challenges of nail analysis is provided, and guidelines for future research are proposed.

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“…Kim et al 74) developed a GC-MS method for the simultaneous qualification and quantification of amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDA, MDMA, ketamine, and norketamine in nail clippings. Similar to hair analysis, methods for the surface decontamination and extraction of the specimens are critical for the analysis.…”

Section: Sweat Breath and Nail Clippingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Drugs of Abuse in Biological Specimens

Saito

Kikuchi

et al. 2011

JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE

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Recent reports of the analysis of drugs of abuse in biological specimens are reviewed herein. Different perspectives from reviews so far published and the need for and the background of drug analysis in biological specimens, and difficulty of drug testing in biological specimens are introduced. Comprehensive biological specimens for the analysis of drugs of abuse in forensic science, including oral fluid (saliva), hair, umbilical cord, placenta, meconium, cadaver tissue (brain, adipose), sweat, breath, and nail clippings, in addition to the commonly used blood and urine specimens in clinical chemistry, are described along with their outlines, advantages/disadvantages, and actual examples. Today, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is the method of choice for the analysis of drugs of abuse. A simultaneous screening method for multiple types of drugs has also become popular recently. However, because qualitative determination remains important in forensic science, gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) is still in use even if it requires complicated specimen preparation and derivatization procedures. This is because GC-MS is reliable and has been employed ever since for the appraisal of trials.

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Determination of amphetamine-type stimulants, ketamine and metabolites in fingernails by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Cited by 65 publications

References 29 publications

Solid-phase extraction followed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the sensitive determination of ecstasy compounds and amphetamines in biological samples

Solid-phase extraction followed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the sensitive determination of ecstasy compounds and amphetamines in biological samples

Nail analysis for the detection of drugs of abuse and pharmaceuticals: a review

Analysis of Drugs of Abuse in Biological Specimens

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