Determination of amoxicillin trihydrate impurities 4-hydroxyphenylglycine (4-HPG) and 6-Aminopenicylanic acid (6-APA) by means of ultraviolet spectroscopy

Abstract

Amoxicillin is one of the broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics widely used in the treatment of many diseases. It is inevitable that 4-hydroxyphenylglycine (4-HPG) and 6-Aminopenicylanic acid (6-APA), which are used during the production of this antibiotic, are incorporated into the molecular lattice of the product as impurities. Today, many expensive methods and chemical devices are used for the purification of Amoxicillin by determining 6-APA and 4-HPG, which are defined as impurities. In this study, it was aimed to develop a fast, simple, and specific UV-spectrophotometric method for the determination of 4-HPG and 6-APA. Another aim of this article is to cause as little harm as possible to the environment and human health by using as few chemicals as possible throughout the study. In this study, all attempts to determine 6-APA and 4-HPG, which are impurities in the production of amoxicillin, were carried out with the help of a UV/VIS spectrophotometer. Also, Four different concentrations of NaOH were used as a solvent for each impurity. UV spectra of 4-HPG and 6-APA concentrations between 210 and 400 nm were measured. In the literature, the UV spectrum of 4-HPG has been revealed for the first time in this study and examined in detail. The UV spectrum of 4-HPG was characterized in 3 regions. Again, the response of 6-APA to different NaOH concentrations was demonstrated for the first time in this study. It was determined that the peaks of 6-APA dissolved in NaOH shifted from 222 nm to 227 nm depending on the concentration amount. In addition, it is an ideal green procedure that makes a difference in the literature, as the study is carried out for the control and determination of impurities without the use of any organic solvents or chemicals harmful to the environment.

Intramolecular Friedel–Crafts Reaction with Trifluoroacetic Acid: Synthesizing Some New Functionalized 9-Aryl/Alkyl Thioxanthenes

“…The synthesis of xanthenes, especially thioxanthenes, has increased remarkably in recent years due to their wide range of biological and pharmacological properties. As an example of its biological and pharmacological properties, anticancer, − antitumor, − antiviral, antimicrobial, − antibacterial, − and anti-inflammatory activities can be cited. Moreover, some types are also used as materials in dye technology, , sensor, , and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) − due to the conjugation and heteroring in their structures, ensuring optical and electrochemical properties.…”

Investigating the Role of Citric Acid as a Natural Acid on the Crystallization of Amoxicillin Trihydrate

“…The literature predominantly focuses on the adverse impact of introducing impurities structurally similar to the primary molecule on crystal growth. The separation of AMCT from its own degradation products, in particular, has garnered emphasis. − In their investigation, Feng et al demonstrated that an increase in the concentration of degradation products leads to a decrease in AMCT nucleation . In another study, Ghassempur et al detailed the integration of impurities into the AMCT crystal lattice and its consequent impact on the process.…”