Determination of amino acids in human biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography: critical review

Abstract

The quantitation and qualification of amino acids are most commonly used in clinical and epidemiological studies, and provide an excellent way of monitoring compounds in human fluids which have not been monitored previously, to prevent some diseases. Because of this, it is not surprising that scientific interest in evaluating these compounds has resurfaced in recent years and has precipitated the development of a multitude of new analytical techniques. This review considers recent developments in HPLC analytics on the basis of publications from the last few years. It helps to update and systematize knowledge in this area. Particular attention is paid to the progress of analytical methods, pointing out the advantages and drawbacks of the various techniques used for the preparation, separation and determination of amino acids. Depending on the type of sample, the preparation conditions for HPLC analysis change. For this reason, the review has focused on three types of samples, namely urine, blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Despite time-consuming sample preparation before HPLC analysis, an additional derivatization technique should be used, depending on the detection technique used. There are proposals for columns that are specially modified for amino acid separation without derivatization, but the limit of detection of the substance is less beneficial. In view of the fact that amino acid analyses have been performed for years and new solutions may generate increased costs, it may turn out that older proposals are much more advantageous.

Development, validation of a GC–MS method for the simultaneous measurement of amino acids, their PTM metabolites and AGEs in human urine, and application to the bi-ethnic ASOS study with special emphasis to lysine

“…Native and derivatized biological amino acids, their PTM metabolites and AGEs are measured by many different liquid chromatographic (LC), gas chromatographic (GC) and electrophoretic techniques coupled with various detection techniques. They include visible, ultraviolet absorbance and fluorescence detection, as well as mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) as separation techniques, such as GC–MS and LC–MS/MS (Martens-Lobenhoffer and Bode-Böger 2014 ; Hušek et al 2016 ; Rabbani and Thornalley 2020 ; Gałęzowska et al 2021 ).…”

Determination of Free Amino Acids in Milk, Colostrum and Plasma of Swine via Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence and UV Detection

“…The measurement of FAAs and protein-AAs in biofluids is of utmost importance for nutritional, bio-chemical and metabolic studies, with a fundamental role in the diagnosis and monitoring of inherited disorders of metabolism [39]. Determining the level of FAAs in biofluids is also important for monitoring the effectiveness of dietary interventions in livestock animals [2,3].…”

Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins: Implications for Nanotechnological Applications in Biosensing and Drug/Gene Delivery

“…Since AAs are the precursors of many biomarkers, determining the amount of AAs in biological fluids is essential for the early diagnosis of many diseases. Studies have reported that many AAs play a role in forming diseases such as phenylketonuria, citrullinemia, and homocystinuria diseases [58,59].…”