Determination of airborne isocyanates

Henneken, Hartmut; Vogel, Martin; Kärst, Uwe

doi:10.1007/s00216-006-0901-8

Cited by 23 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 165 publications

(227 reference statements)

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“…Moreover, airborne isocyanates may be present as vapours, aerosols and absorbed on particulate matter or in the form of particulate polymerised isocyanate (Henneken et al 2007;Woolley 1972). Fire effluents are complex matrices containing a variety of substances, such as gases, vapours, particulates and aerosols of liquid droplets, that all have ability to interfere with the sampling and analysis of isocyanates.…”

Section: Sampling Of Isocyanatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The major advantage of collecting airborne isocyanates by impingers is the large sampling capacity (Henneken (Henneken et al 2007). However, airborne particles could be pass through the impinger in air bubbles, and escape from the trapping solution.…”

Section: Sampling Of Isocyanatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies reports of sampling of isocyanates without derivatisation, either by collecting them on a modified polyphenylene oxide (MPPO) resin followed by thermal desorption (Bianchi et al 1997), or by direct injection via headspace (Harden & Shoff 1997). However, these methods result in unnecessarily high limits of detection (Henneken et al 2007). Several different derivatisation agents have been described, such as 2-PP (EPA 1997; Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 1989a; Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 1989b; British Standard Institution 2012), MAMA (ReebWhitaker et al 2012;Persson et al 1993), 1-(9-anthracenylmethyl) piperazine (MAP) (Woskie 2004;NIOSH 1998;NIOSH 2003), 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine (1-2MP) (NIOSH 8/15/94 1994;Molander et al 2000;Thomasen et al 2011;Boutin et al 2006), tryptamine (Wu et al 1987), 9-anthracenylmethyl-1-piperazinecarboxylate (PAC) (Roh et al 2000), and DBA (Spanne et al 1996;Karlsson et al 2000;BSI Standards Publication 2013).…”

Section: Derivatisation Of Isocyanatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies evaluating the reactivity, analytical sensitivity as well as the applicability for different isocyanates species reported that MAP was superior in comparison to MPP, 2-PP and MAMA Bello et al 2002). The properties of MAP enables a more structure independent response when analysed by fluorescence detection in comparison to MAMA (Henneken et al 2007). However, nonisocyanate compounds that reacts with MAP may potentially interfere with the quantification when analysed by liquid chromatography coupled to a UV-detector (LC-UV) (NIOSH 2003).…”

Section: Derivatisation Of Isocyanatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,2-MP is probably the reagent most commonly used for the derivatisation of airborne isocyanates (Henneken et al 2007). However, studies have reported that the variability of UV detection for the isocyanate derivatives formed by 1,2-MP can sometimes render in unreliable results (Streicher et al 1995).…”

Section: Derivatisation Of Isocyanatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of isocyanates in fire toxicity

2016

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Isocyanates are a group of low molecular weight, highly reactive compounds with a functional isocyanate group. The main human exposure route is via inhalation of airborne isocyanates, although dermal exposure has also been reported. The inhalation of isocyanates is associated with severely adverse health effects such as asthma, inflammation in the respiratory tract and cancer. During thermal degradation of polyurethane materials, airborne isocyanates can be sampled in the fire effluent. This paper discusses the reactivity and commercial applications of isocyanates and the generation of airborne isocyanates during thermal degradation, the human health effects as well as the environmental fate of some of the most commercially important isocyanates. This is followed by a review of the generation of isocyanates from large-scale fire testing and bench-scale test methods as well as sampling techniques and derivatisation agents necessary to stabilise the isocyanates and analysis.

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Section: Sampling Of Isocyanatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sampling Of Isocyanatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Derivatisation Of Isocyanatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Derivatisation Of Isocyanatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Derivatisation Of Isocyanatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of isocyanates in fire toxicity

2016

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Isocyanates and work‐related asthma: Findings from California, Massachusetts, Michigan, and New Jersey, 1993–2008

Lefkowitz

Pechter

Fitzsimmons

et al. 2015

American J Industrial Med

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Background Isocyanates remain a leading cause of work-related asthma (WRA). Methods Two independent data systems were analyzed for the period 1993–2008: (1) State-based WRA case surveillance data on persons with isocyanate-induced WRA from four states, and (2) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) isocyanate air sampling results. Results We identified 368 cases of isocyanate-induced WRA from 32 industries and 678 OSHA isocyanate air samples with detectable levels from 31 industries. Seventeen industries were unique to one or the other dataset. Conclusion Isocyanate-induced WRA continues to occur in a wide variety of industries. Two data systems uncovered industries with isocyanate exposures and/or illness. Improved control measures and standards, including medical surveillance, are needed. More emphasis is needed on task-specific guidance, spill clean-up procedures, skin and respiratory protection, and targeted medical monitoring to mitigate the hazards of isocyanate use.

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Perfume‐containing polyurea microcapsules with undetectable levels of free isocyanates

Jacquemond

Jeckelmann

Ouali

et al. 2009

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Core-shell polyurea microcapsules with a 40% fragrance load were prepared by interfacial polymerization of guanidine and a technical polyisocyanate prepolymer containing mainly the biuret trimer derived from hexamethylene di-isocyanate (HDI). Residual free polyisocyanates were still present at a level slightly above 100 mg NCO functional group per kg as determined by liquid chromatography hyphenated with tandem mass spectrometry of HDI and of its biuret trimer. This level was decreased by a factor of about 10 when the polymerization process was allowed to proceed for a longer time and by a factor of about 500 when guanidine or NaOH were added to the microcapsule suspension to act as scavengers. In these cases, polyisocyanate conversion was observed to proceed for about one month when the microcapsules were stored at room temperature before reaching a plateau at a level below 1 mg NCO/kg. Overall, ammonia was the most efficient polyisocyanate scavenger as no residual HDI biuret trimer and only less than 2 lg NCO/ kg as HDI were detected at the end of the process, a level which had dropped below the limit of detection of 0.25 lg NCO/kg after about 40 days of aging at room temperature.

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Determination of airborne isocyanates

Cited by 23 publications

References 165 publications

The role of isocyanates in fire toxicity

The role of isocyanates in fire toxicity

Isocyanates and work‐related asthma: Findings from California, Massachusetts, Michigan, and New Jersey, 1993–2008

Perfume‐containing polyurea microcapsules with undetectable levels of free isocyanates

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