Determination of Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye by Incense Stick Ash Waste and Its Toxicity on RTG-2 Cells

Abstract

Incense stick ash (ISA) has traces of toxic heavy metals which have an adverse effect on the environment. Every year, tonnes of ISA are disposed of in rivers and other water bodies which leads to water pollution and affects the natural water resources. ISA has several value-added minerals which could be modified or functionalized for environmental cleanup. Here, in the current research work, ISA was transformed into a flower-like noble porous material by mixing ISA and NaOH in a 1 : 1 ratio followed by calcination at 600°C for six hours in a muffle furnace. The developed material was analyzed by sophisticated instruments for the identification of the properties. The microscopic techniques revealed the micron-sized flower-like structure, while the XRD showed peaks at 30–33° which indicates the transformation of the calcite and silicate phases into new-phase mineral. FTIR also revealed bands in regions of 500–1200 cm−1 and new bands near 450 cm−1. EDS confirmed the presence of Na in the sintered product and the transformation of the ISA. Finally, the sintered product potential was assayed for the removal of methylene blue dye from wastewater using an adsorption mechanism. The removal efficiency of dye reached up to 70% within one hour only. It was found that the ISA sintered product has the potential to remove MB dye efficiently from wastewater and also reduce solid waste pollution. Microculture tetrazolium assay (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays were performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the sintered incense stick ash product on RTG-2 cells. The sintered incense stick ash product induced cytotoxicity on RTG-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Sintered ISA products have the potential to remove methylene blue dye efficiently from wastewater and reduce solid waste pollution.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions by Using Nano-ZnO/Kaolin-Clay-Based Nanocomposite

“…Furthermore, as the strength of the MB increases, the photons are intercepted before they can reach the surface of the nanocatalyst, and the length of the path of a photon entering into the MB solution is decreased [76]. Gnanamoorthy et al, 2022 have also proposed a similar hypothesis for MB remediation in aqueous solutions using nanocomposite material [49].…”

Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye from Wastewater by Using Doped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

“…Once the irradiation under the sunlight was over, centrifugation of all the samples was performed at 5000 rpm (15 min) to ensure the elimination of the NPC from the sample. The analysis of the leftover, MB dye in the solution was performed by UV-Vis at 665 nm [21,[28][29][30][31]…”

Remediation of Methyl Red Dye from Aqueous Solutions by Using Biosorbents Developed from Floral Waste

“…Yadav et al extracted ferrous particles from incense sticks ash and modified them into iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). Further, the investigator utilized the synthesized IONPs for the remediation of methylene blue from the aqueous solution and the efficiency attained was about 70% [55]. Modi et al also provided descriptive information about the utilization of zinc oxide nanoparticles for the removal of methylene blue from wastewater [56].…”