Determination of a safe sedative combination of dexmedetomidine, ketamine and butorphanol for minor procedures in dogs by use of a stepwise optimization method
Abstract:Background:
In veterinary practice, most minor procedures such as radiographs, skin biopsies and wound treatments require sedation. The combination of butorphanol, ketamine and dexmedetomidine is commonly used, but the ideal dosages for this combination have not been reported. This randomized prospective clinical trial initially tested 8 clinically relevant combinations in a blinded procedure in 50 dogs. The quality of each combination was rated using a purposefully developed negative score (NS; 0-21.5, the lo… Show more
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