Determination of 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde as marker residue for nitrofurazone treatment in farmed shrimps and with addressing the use of a novel internal standard

Abstract

We developed a significantly improved ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde (NF) as a surrogate using a novel internal standard for the detection of nitrofurazone. We used 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatization and furfural as the internal standard. Derivatization was easily performed in HCl using ultrasonic manipulation for 5 min followed by liquid extraction using ethyl acetate. The samples were concentrated and purified using reverse phase and alumina cartridges in tandem. The derivatives were separated using a linear gradient elution on a C18 column with methanol and water as the mobile phase in negative ionization mode and multiple reaction monitoring. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curves were linear from 0.2 to 20 μg/L with correlation coefficients >0.999. Mean recoveries were 80.8 to 104.4% with the intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations <15% at spiking levels of 0.1 to 10 μg/kg. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.05 and 0.1 μg/kg, respectively. This method is a robust tool for the identification and quantitative determination of NF in shrimp samples.

Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Regarding Antibiotic Use and Antibiotic Resistance: A Latent Class Analysis of a Romanian Population

“…The presence of antibiotics has been reported in poultry meat [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ], pork [ 10 , 13 ] and most commonly in beef [ 8 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. The contamination of milk [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ], fish and seafood [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ], and even eggs [ 29 , 30 , 31 ], with antibiotic residues has also been reported in numerous studies. Although they are valuable nutritional contributors to our diet, animal products have been shown, in many cases, to increase consumers’ exposure to antibiotics.…”

Antimicrobial Residues in Food from Animal Origin—A Review of the Literature Focusing on Products Collected in Stores and Markets Worldwide

“…A particular challenge, in this case, is that this molecule is not so easy to detect. The right technology and the associated equipment are required so that reliable evidence can be provided [ 16 ]. Especially in underdeveloped countries regarding food safety, this is undoubtedly why nitrofurazone often goes undetected, and thus, contaminated products are also distributed on the world market and ultimately consumed.…”