Determination and regulation of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food: A critical review of recent research

Ma, Chuanhui; Liu, Yang; Zhu, Lin; Ji, Hong; Song, Xun; Guo, Hui; Yi, Tao

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.037

Cited by 60 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…Interestingly, they found higher concentrations in comfrey leaves than in other plant parts, and are precisely the leaves that have been traditionally consumed as a tea [73]. However, several studies showed that pyrrolizidine alkaloids could be hepatotoxic [110,111]. They are not exclusively present in Symphytum species since they can be found in more than 300 plant species [40,110].…”

Section: Biological Activity Of Comfreymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Symphytum Species: A Comprehensive Review on Chemical Composition, Food Applications and Phytopharmacology

et al. 2019

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Symphytum species belongs to the Boraginaceae family and have been used for centuries for bone breakages, sprains and rheumatism, liver problems, gastritis, ulcers, skin problems, joint pain and contusions, wounds, gout, hematomas and thrombophlebitis. Considering the innumerable potentialities of the Symphytum species and their widespread use in the world, it is extremely important to provide data compiling the available literature to identify the areas of intense research and the main gaps in order to design future studies. The present review aims at summarizing the main data on the therapeutic indications of the Symphytum species based on the current evidence, also emphasizing data on both the efficacy and adverse effects. The present review was carried out by consulting PubMed (Medline), Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Database, Science Direct and Google Scholar (as a search engine) databases to retrieve the most updated articles on this topic. All articles were carefully analyzed by the authors to assess their strengths and weaknesses, and to select the most useful ones for the purpose of review, prioritizing articles published from 1956 to 2018. The pharmacological effects of the Symphytum species are attributed to several chemical compounds, among them allantoin, phenolic compounds, glycopeptides, polysaccharides and some toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Not less important to highlight are the risks associated with its use. In fact, there is increasing consumption of over-the-counter drugs, which when associated with conventional drugs can cause serious and even fatal adverse events. Although clinical trials sustain the folk topical application of Symphytum species in musculoskeletal and blunt injuries, with minor adverse effects, its antimicrobial potency was still poorly investigated. Further studies are needed to assess the antimicrobial spectrum of Symphytum species and to characterize the active molecules both in vitro and in vivo.

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Section: Biological Activity Of Comfreymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, several studies showed that pyrrolizidine alkaloids could be hepatotoxic [110,111]. They are not exclusively present in Symphytum species since they can be found in more than 300 plant species [40,110].…”

Section: Biological Activity Of Comfreymentioning

confidence: 99%

Symphytum Species: A Comprehensive Review on Chemical Composition, Food Applications and Phytopharmacology

et al. 2019

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“…The human intake of these compounds is mainly associated with liver damage, causing hepatic veno-occlusive disease (HVOD), which may lead to liver cirrhosis and liver failure. Moreover, it may also lead to pulmonary hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, degenerative kidney injuries or even death [ 3 , 4 ]. Indeed, some PAs are considered genotoxic and carcinogenic compounds and have been classified as “possibly carcinogenic to humans” (category 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Miniaturized QuEChERS Method Combined with Ultrahigh Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Oregano Samples

Izcara

Casado

Morante‐Zarcero

et al. 2020

Foods

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Recent and unexpected food alerts about relatively high amounts of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in oregano samples have stressed the need to develop analytical strategies to ensure food safety in this type of foodstuff. Accordingly, this work presents the development of a miniaturized strategy based on the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) method combined with ultrahigh liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) for the determination of 21 pyrrolizidine alkaloids suggested by the European Food Safety Authority to be monitored in food. The analytical method was properly validated, with overall average recoveries from 77 to 96% and relative standard deviations <13% (n = 9). The method proved to be a sustainable analytical strategy which meets green analytical chemistry principles as it showed good performance by using small amounts of sample (0.2 g), organic solvents (1000 µL), clean-up sorbents (175 mg) and partitioning salts (0.65 g). Its feasibility was verified through the analysis of 23 oregano samples. Of the samples analyzed, 100% were contaminated, with an average concentration of 1254 µg/kg. Lasiocarpine, lasiocarpine N-oxide, europine, europine N-oxide, senecivernine, senecionine, echimidine N-oxide, lycopsamine N-oxide and intermedine N-oxide were the alkaloids which significantly contributed to the contamination of the samples.

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“…The EFSA is currently demanding more information and studies about the presence of these toxic compounds in food in order to know the real exposure of the population to these toxins through their intake because of their potential harmful risks to human health [4,[7][8][9][10][11][12]. In this sense, in recent years, several analytical methods have been proposed to identify and quantify these compounds in different food samples [82][83][84]. However, most of these methods employ commercial materials as sorbents and, in addition, none of them have been performed under microextraction conditions.…”

Section: Future Challenges In the Integration Of New Advanced Materiamentioning

confidence: 99%

New Advanced Materials and Sorbent-Based Microextraction Techniques as Strategies in Sample Preparation to Improve the Determination of Natural Toxins in Food Samples

2020

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Natural toxins are chemical substances that are not toxic to the organisms that produce them, but which can be a potential risk to human health when ingested through food. Thus, it is of high interest to develop advanced analytical methodologies to control the occurrence of these compounds in food products. However, the analysis of food samples is a challenging task because of the high complexity of these matrices, which hinders the extraction and detection of the analytes. Therefore, sample preparation is a crucial step in food analysis to achieve adequate isolation and/or preconcentration of analytes and provide suitable clean-up of matrix interferences prior to instrumental analysis. Current trends in sample preparation involve moving towards “greener” approaches by scaling down analytical operations, miniaturizing the instruments and integrating new advanced materials as sorbents. The combination of these new materials with sorbent-based microextraction technologies enables the development of high-throughput sample preparation methods, which improve conventional extraction and clean-up procedures. This review gives an overview of the most relevant analytical strategies employed for sorbent-based microextraction of natural toxins of exogenous origin from food, as well as the improvements achieved in food sample preparation by the integration of new advanced materials as sorbents in these microextraction techniques, giving some relevant examples from the last ten years. Challenges and expected future trends are also discussed.

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Determination and regulation of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food: A critical review of recent research

Cited by 60 publications

References 85 publications

Symphytum Species: A Comprehensive Review on Chemical Composition, Food Applications and Phytopharmacology

Symphytum Species: A Comprehensive Review on Chemical Composition, Food Applications and Phytopharmacology

A Miniaturized QuEChERS Method Combined with Ultrahigh Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Oregano Samples

New Advanced Materials and Sorbent-Based Microextraction Techniques as Strategies in Sample Preparation to Improve the Determination of Natural Toxins in Food Samples

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