Determination and in-depth chromatographic analyses of alkaloids in South American and greenhouse-cultivated coca leaves

Moore, James M.; Casale, John F.; Klein, Robert F.; Cooper, Donald A.; Lydon, John

doi:10.1016/0021-9673(94)85018-6

Cited by 59 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Like many other illicit drugs, street samples of COC contain impurities, contaminants, diluents, and adulterants7 and COC extraction from coca leaves can result in the presence of impurities such as natural alkaloids like TPC, hydroxycocaine, cis‐cinnamoylcocaine, trans‐cinnamoylcocaine, etc 23. Interestingly we reported we found TPC in 16 hair samples (17.8%) at a mean concentration of 0.41 ng/mg (range: 0.20–1.10 ng/mg), even though it cannot be considered a marker of active COC use since it is not a product of in vivo COC metabolism.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Norcocaine and cocaethylene distribution patterns in hair samples from light, moderate, and heavy cocaine users

Gambelunghe

Rossi

Aroni

et al. 2015

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Even though hair analysis often seems to be the best choice for retrospective monitoring of cocaine intake, differentiating between incorporated cocaine and external contamination is widely debated. In this study we report results obtained in 90 hair samples from addicts. All samples were analyzed for cocaine, benzoylecgonine, norcocaine, cocaethylene, and tropococaine by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) techniques coupled with direct immersion solid‐phase micro‐extraction. Cocaine concentrations were stratified into three classes of usage: light (0.5–3 ng/mg), moderate (3.1–10 ng/mg) and heavy (10.1–40 ng/mg). The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration cut‐off criteria for establishing active cocaine use were applied to the results. For all samples criteria were cocaine levels above 0.5 ng/mg (ranging from 1.63 to 39.29 ng/mg, mean 9.49 ng/mg), benzoylecgonine concentrations ≥ 0.05 ng/mg (ranging from 0.19 to 5.77 ng/mg, mean 1.40), and benzoylecgonine to cocaine % ratio ≥5% (from 6.43 to 26.09%). Norcocaine was present in 58.9% of samples (concentration range: 0.22–3.14 ng/mg) and was strongly predictive only of heavy cocaine use (sensitivity 100% for cocaine concentrations above 9.58 ng/mg). Twenty hair samples from moderate and heavy users tested positive for cocaethylene (concentration range: 0.22–1.98 ng/mg, mean 0.73 ng/mg). This study on hair samples with no chance of false positive cases highlights the very limited applications of testing minor cocaine metabolites for definitive proof of active cocaine consumption. © 2015 The Authors. Drug Testing and Analysis Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Norcocaine and cocaethylene distribution patterns in hair samples from light, moderate, and heavy cocaine users

Gambelunghe

Rossi

Aroni

et al. 2015

Drug Testing and Analysis

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“…Essa ciclização é favorecida pela radiação solar ultravioleta (UV) a que a planta está exposta. A produção de cocaína envolvendo as espécies de Erythroxylum evoluiu e cresceu em ambientes de alta incidência de radiação UV [22].…”

Section: Identificação Das Truxilinasunclassified

“…De acordo com a Tab. 2 podemos verificar que os teores mais significantes são dos isômeros: Alfa, Beta e Delta, os quais justificam a identificação da cocaína pela quantificação dos mesmos, localizando a sua origem [22].…”

Section: Identificação Das Truxilinasunclassified

“…Teor de truxilinas em folhas de coca cultivadas na América do Sul, expressos em % (m/m) relativo à cocaína. Fonte: [22]. Tomando por base o trabalho de Moore et al [22] e a Tab.…”

Section: Identificação Das Truxilinasunclassified

“…Fonte: [22]. Tomando por base o trabalho de Moore et al [22] e a Tab. 2, sugere-se a origem geográfica das amostras de cocaína de acordo com o teor total de truxilinas.…”

Section: Identificação Das Truxilinasunclassified

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Abordagens metodológicas que auxiliam na identificação química da cocaína apreendida no Brasil

Freitas¹,

Silva²,

Barbosa³

2017

Rev. Bras. Crimin.

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ResumoO tráfico de drogas proscritas no Brasil tem aumentado consideravelmente. Um dos reflexos desse crescimento se dá pelo quantitativo apreendido pelos órgãos de segurança pública de drogas sintéticas, canabinóides e, em sua maioria, por cocaína. O Brasil encontra-se geograficamente localizado em uma área onde o cultivo de espécies da família Erythroxylaceae é beneficiado, além disso, faz fronteiras com os principais países produtores de cocaína no mundo, o que dificulta, sobremaneira, o combate ao seu tráfico. As polícias federal e civil têm identificado, constantemente, novos fornecedores e novos locais de refino de cocaína, logo, a identificação das rotas de tráfico, origem geográfica e dos seus distribuidores torna-se cada vez mais complexa exigindo dos órgãos de segurança pública e da comunidade forense em geral um melhor aprimoramento de suas metodologias de identificação e quantificação, de forma a fornecerem informações conclusivas para o combate ao seu tráfico. Assim, nesse trabalho, foram aval iadas as principais abordagens metodológicas que contribuem para a elucidação da identificação das amostras de cocaína apreendida no país.Palavras-Chave: Erythroxylum coca; Cocaína; Perfil químico. AbstractThe trafficking of banned drugs in Brazil has increased considerably. One of the consequences of this growth is the quantitative seized by public security organs of synthetic drugs, cannabinoids and, mostly cocaine. The Brazil is geographically located i n an area where the cultivation of Erythroxylaceae family species is benefited, moreover, it borders with major cocaine-producing countries in the world, making it difficult, exceedingly, combating their trafficking. The federal and civil polices have identified, constantly, new suppliers and new cocaine refining sites, so the identification of trafficking routes, geographical origin and its distributors becomes increasingly complex requiring law enforcement agencies and forensic community in general a better improvement of its identification and quantification methodologies in order to provide conclusive information to combat its trafficking. Thus, this study is intended to assess the main methodological approaches that contribute to the elucidation of the identification of cocaine samples seized in the country.

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Optimisation of accelerated solvent extraction of cocaine and benzoylecgonine from coca leaves

et al. 2001

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Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was developed for the rapid extraction of cocaine and benzoylecgonine from coca leaves. Several parameters such as the nature of the extracting solvent, the pressure, temperature, extraction time, addition of alkaline substances, and sample granulometry were investigated to find the best extraction conditions. A central composite design was used to optimise critical parameters (pressure, temperature, and extraction time) and to assess the robustness of the extraction method. It was demonstrated that the extraction method was perfectly robust around optimal conditions (20 MPa, 80°C, and 10 min). Determination of both cocaine and benzoylecgonine in coca leaves was carried out by means of gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection (GC‐FID) or capillary electrophoresis with UV detection (CE‐UV). With the latter, separation of both compounds was achieved in less than 4 min with the use of a short‐end injection procedure.

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Determination and in-depth chromatographic analyses of alkaloids in South American and greenhouse-cultivated coca leaves

Cited by 59 publications

References 27 publications

Norcocaine and cocaethylene distribution patterns in hair samples from light, moderate, and heavy cocaine users

Norcocaine and cocaethylene distribution patterns in hair samples from light, moderate, and heavy cocaine users

Abordagens metodológicas que auxiliam na identificação química da cocaína apreendida no Brasil

Optimisation of accelerated solvent extraction of cocaine and benzoylecgonine from coca leaves

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