Determination and identification of sympathomimetic amines in blood samples from drivers by a combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry

Bonnichsen, Roger; Ac, Maehly; Mårde, Y.; Ryhage, Ragnar; Schubert, B.

doi:10.1007/bf00200423

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…When only blood is available, identification can still be achieved by means of mass spectrometric methods (Bonnichsen et al, 1970a). The drug concentrations in the blood, however, are often so low that thin-layer chromatography methods are not sensitive enough.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lethal amphetamine intoxication

Orrenius

Maehly²

1970

Z Rechtsmed

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Three cases of lethal amphetamine intoxication are reported. The autopsy findings included pulmonary hemorrhage as well as subendocardial and gastric mueosal hemorrhages. The following tissue concentrations of amphetamine were found: 0.05--0.7 mg per 100 ml blood, 1 . 2 4 . 5 mg per 100 g liver and 0.4--0.8 mg per 100 g kidney. The pathological and toxicological findings are discussed with respect to previously published cases of metamphetamine poisoning as well as fatal intoxications due to combinations of amphetamine and other drugs.Zusammen/assung. Pathologiseh-anatomische und toxikologische Befunde yon drei Fallen yon tSdlicher Amphetaminvergiftung werden besehrieben. Subpleurale und subendoeardielle Blutungen sowie Blutungen im Lungenparenchym wurden beobachtet. Die Konzentrationen des Amphetamins betrugen ca. 0,05~0,7 mg per 100 ml Blur, 1,2-4,5 mg per 100 g Leber, 0,4--0,8 mg per 100 g Niere, und in einem Fall ca. 70 mg per 100 ml Ham. Weder Alkohol noch Arzneimittel konnten nachgewiesen werden.The intravenous injection of centrally stimulating amines ("Weck-amines ") can assume epidemic characteristics. This was first reported from J a p a n (Nagahama, 1968), but has since t h e n been experienced in several other countries among t h e m Sweden (Goldberg, 1968;Inghe, 1969). I n this country the abuse of psychoactive drugs, p r i m a r i l y phcnmetrazine, a m p h e t a m i n e and m e t a m p h e t a m i n e , often administered intravenously dissolved in t a p water, has been increasing since the 1940-ies and developed into a considerable social and medical problem.A m p h e t a m i n e , fl-phenylisopropylamine, is a s y m p a t h o m i m e t i c amine with a multitude of pharmacological effects involving p r i m a r i l y the central nervous and circulatory systems. I n high doses it produces a sustained rise in blood pressure and an increased heart rate. Arrythmias, extensive sweating and increase in b o d y t e m p e r a t u r e are further effects of larger t h a n therapeutic doses of amphetamine. Serious cases progress to convulsions, coma, circulatory collapse and death. D e a t h caused b y a m p h e t a m i n e intoxication has been ascribed to cardiovascular collapse, h y p e r p y r e x i a or cerebral hemorrhage (Davis et al., 1968).There are several problems facing the forensic scientists in evaluating the cause of death occurring in connection with the abuse of a m p h e t a m i n e drugs.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lethal amphetamine intoxication

Orrenius

Maehly²

1970

Z Rechtsmed

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“…So far, Sweden is the only country to include scheduled prescription drugs (e.g., benzodiazepines) in their zero-limit legislation. However, statistics show that most DUID arrestees with a benzodiazepine in their blood also have an illicit drug present, such as amphetamine, morphine (from heroin) or THC 1, 13 We have demonstrated that the concentration of amphetamine in a single urine void was highly variable even after allowing for the prevailing blood-amphetamine concentration, the relative dilution and the pH of the specimen. Urinary pH was more important than dilution in this respect and we showed that the concentration of amphetamine decreased on average by 102 mg/L for each unit increase in pH of the urine.…”

Section: Correlation-regression Analysismentioning

confidence: 81%

Relation between bloodand urine-amphetamine concentrations in impaired drivers as influenced by urinary pH and creatinine

Jones¹,

Karlsson

2005

Hum Exp Toxicol

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Amphetamine undergoes extensive renal excretion and significant amounts are present in urine as the unchanged parent drug. This prompted us to investigate whether a quantitative relationship existed between blood and urine concentrations of amphetamine in the body fluids of drug-impaired drivers apprehended in Sweden, where this stimulant is the major drug of abuse. The relationship between blood and urine concentrations of amphetamine was determined by multivariate analysis with urinary pH and creatinine as predictor variables. Amphetamine was determined in blood and urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with deuterium labelled internal standards. The concentration of amphetamine in urine was about 200 times greater than the concentration in blood; the mean and median urine/blood ratios were 214 and 160, respectively, with large individual variations. The Pearson correlation coefficient between urine (y) and blood (x) amphetamine was r=0.53, n=48, which was statistically highly significant (P<0.001), although the residual standard deviation (SD) was large (±181 mg/L). The correlation coefficient increased (r=0.60) when the concentration of amphetamine in urine was normalized for dilution by dividing with the creatinine content. When urinary pH and creatinine were both included as predictor variables, the correlation coefficient was even higher (r=0.69), now explaining 48% (r2=0.48) of the variation in urine amphetamine concentration. However, the partial regression coefficient for creatinine (53±28.7) was not statistically significant (t=1.85, P>0.05), whereas the corresponding regression coefficient for pH was highly significant and had a negative sign (-1029±32.6, t=- 3.12, P < 0.005). Other factors could impact on the urine-blood amphetamine relationship, such as route of administration, pattern of voiding and time elapsed after use of the drug.

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“…The advent of Curie-point pyrolysers ( 12), however, has made possible the rapid and reproducible thermal decomposition of polymeric materials. A small quantity of paint (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20) ng) is attached to a ferromagnetic wire which is inserted in a small induction furnace. Induction heating raises the temperature of the wire to its Curie point in a few microseconds, and the pyrolysis products are swept by carrier gas into a gas chromatograph.…”

Section: Pyrolysis Gcmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The importance of GC and mass spectrometry in the identification of drugs and poisons is beyond dispute, as shown by the large number of papers published on this topic (15)(16)(17)(18). New sources of ions for mass spectrometry (viz., chemical ionization, field ionization, and field-desorption ionization) are significant, not only for simplifying the spectra but also in extending the range of mass spectrometry to difficult volatile materi- Identify GC Fractions at the Push of a Button identification of GC fractions.…”

Section: Chromatographic Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forensic science. Present and future

Williams¹

1973

Anal. Chem.

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ffiofenstc Science ~sThecPKesetjf Chemistry and biology are being applied ever increasingly to the investigation of crime. This article attempts to present some aspects of this renaissance in forensic studies I should emphasize right at the beginning that any article of this nature is bound to contain a number of unavoidable biases. I am a physical chemist, and I have no doubt that if this paper were written by an organic chemist, a biochemist, a toxicologist, or a biologist, that the emphasis would be quite different (1, 2). Furthermore, I would point out that although the United States and the UK have basically similar legal procedures, there are differences in the acceptance of scientific evidence which necessarily mean that what constitutes "proof" in one court is not so regarded in another.

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Determination and identification of sympathomimetic amines in blood samples from drivers by a combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry

Cited by 16 publications

References 9 publications

Lethal amphetamine intoxication

Lethal amphetamine intoxication

Relation between bloodand urine-amphetamine concentrations in impaired drivers as influenced by urinary pH and creatinine

Forensic science. Present and future

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