Determinants of urinary phthalate biomarker concentrations in pre- and perimenopausal women with consideration of race

Ryva, Brad A.; Haggerty, Diana; Pacyga, Diana C.; James‐Todd, Tamarra; Li, Zhong; Flaws, Jodi A.; Strakovsky, Rita S.

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.114056

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…showed that the geometric mean values of the concentrations of DEHP, DOP, BBzP, DBP, DiBP, and DEP and their metabolites in the urine of premenopausal women were approximately half of that in postmenopausal women . It has been reported that the premenopausal and perimenopausal periods may lead to unique patterns of phthalate exposure during the menopausal transition compared to women in other life stages due to remarkable changes such as menstrual cessation and hormonal changes . Similarly, data on urinary phthalate metabolites from premenopausal and postmenopausal women demonstrated that the concentrations of low-molecular weight phthalates in postmenopausal women were higher than those in premenopausal women .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…116 It has been reported that the premenopausal and perimenopausal periods may lead to unique patterns of phthalate exposure during the menopausal transition compared to women in other life stages due to remarkable changes such as menstrual cessation and hormonal changes. 117 Similarly, data on urinary phthalate metabolites from premenopausal and postmenopausal women demonstrated that the concentrations of low-molecular weight phthalates in postmenopausal women were higher than those in premenopausal women. 53 They suggested that postmenopausal women are more susceptible to the plasticizers studied.…”

Section: Menstruationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cumulative Exposure to Phthalates and Their Alternatives and Associated Female Reproductive Health: Body Burdens, Adverse Outcomes, and Underlying Mechanisms

Weng

Zhu

Liao

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The global birth rate has recently shown a decreasing trend, and exposure to environmental pollutants has been identified as a potential factor affecting female reproductive health. Phthalates have been widely used as plasticizers in plastic containers, children's toys, and medical devices, and their ubiquitous presence and endocrine-disrupting potential have already raised particular concerns. Phthalate exposure has been linked to various adverse health outcomes, including reproductive diseases. Given that many phthalates are gradually being banned, a growing number of phthalate alternatives are becoming popular, such as di(isononyl) cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH), di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), and di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP), and they are beginning to have a wide range of environmental effects. Studies have shown that many phthalate alternatives may disrupt female reproductive function by altering the estrous cycle, causing ovarian follicular atresia, and prolonging the gestational cycle, which raises growing concerns about their potential health risks. Herein, we summarize the effects of phthalates and their common alternatives in different female models, the exposure levels that influence the reproductive system, and the effects on female reproductive impairment, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and offspring development. Additionally, we scrutinize the effects of phthalates and their alternatives on hormone signaling, oxidative stress, and intracellular signaling to explore the underlying mechanisms of action on female reproductive health, because these chemicals may affect reproductive tissues directly or indirectly through endocrine disruption. Given the declining global trends of female reproductive capacity and the potential ability of phthalates and their alternatives to negatively impact female reproductive health, a more comprehensive study is needed to understand their effects on the human body and their underlying mechanisms. These findings may have an important role in improving female reproductive health and in turn decreasing the number of complications during pregnancy.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Menstruationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cumulative Exposure to Phthalates and Their Alternatives and Associated Female Reproductive Health: Body Burdens, Adverse Outcomes, and Underlying Mechanisms

Weng

Zhu

Liao

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Human exposure to phthalate esters due to daily use of personal care products may lead to observed urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites such as monoethyl phthalate (the primary metabolite of diethyl phthalate) [ 7 ]. Recent studies determined the urinary levels of phthalate esters in different population ages and indicated an association between the consumption of personal care products and the occurrence of phthalate ester metabolites in the consumers’ urine samples [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GC-MS Determination of Undeclared Phthalate Esters in Commercial Fragrances: Occurrence, Profiles and Assessment of Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risk Associated with Their Consumption among Adult Consumers

Mostafa

Shaaban

2023

Molecules

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Phthalates are chemicals that are extensively used in the manufacturing of cosmetic products. The occurrence of phthalate esters in personal care products may pose adverse effects on consumers’ health. In this work, a simple, fast and reliable GC-MS method was developed and validated for concurrent determination of phthalate esters in fragrances. Simple procedures were employed for sample preparation and clean up. The recoveries achieved were in the range of 94.9% to 105.6% with RSD ≤ 4.06. The detection limits were in the range of 0.0010 to 0.0021 µg/mL. The GC-MS method was utilized to investigate the occurrence of phthalate esters in different brands of perfumes sold in the Saudi Arabian market. Diethyl phthalate was detected in all analyzed samples, with a maximum concentration of 5766 µg/mL, and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was detected in the majority of the analyzed samples (95%), with a mean concentration of 55.9 µg/mL and a highest concentration of 377.7 µg/mL. Additionally, the exposure to phthalate esters due to the consumption of perfumes was investigated among the adult Saudi population for the first time. It was found that the systemic exposure dose, measured at mean concentrations, ranged from 4.59 × 10−4 to 4.29 × 10−2 (mg/kg/day) and from 5.00 × 10−4 to 4.68 × 10−2 (mg/kg/day) for male and female users, respectively. Moreover, the non-carcinogenic risk of the investigated phthalate esters and the carcinogenic risk of DEHP were also evaluated. The non-carcinogenic risk values of the detected phthalate esters were greater than 100, which indicates that exposure to these phthalate esters is unlikely to produce non-carcinogenic health effects to consumers. However, at maximum DEHP concentrations, the carcinogenic risk values were 5.49 × 10−5 for male users and 5.98 × 10−5 for female users, which indicates the possibility of DEHP to pose a carcinogenic health effect if present at high levels. Regular monitoring of undeclared chemicals such as phthalate esters in personal care products marketed in Saudi Arabia is extremely important to ensure consumers’ safety. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to assess the health risk associated with consumption of perfumes in Saudi Arabia.

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Hormonal Injustice

Weiss

Wang

Sargis

2023

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America

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Determinants of urinary phthalate biomarker concentrations in pre- and perimenopausal women with consideration of race

Cited by 6 publications

References 61 publications

Cumulative Exposure to Phthalates and Their Alternatives and Associated Female Reproductive Health: Body Burdens, Adverse Outcomes, and Underlying Mechanisms

Cumulative Exposure to Phthalates and Their Alternatives and Associated Female Reproductive Health: Body Burdens, Adverse Outcomes, and Underlying Mechanisms

GC-MS Determination of Undeclared Phthalate Esters in Commercial Fragrances: Occurrence, Profiles and Assessment of Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risk Associated with Their Consumption among Adult Consumers

Hormonal Injustice

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