Determinants of Tobacco Use and Renaming the FTND to the Fagerstrom Test for Cigarette Dependence

Fagerström, Karl

doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr137

Cited by 848 publications

(577 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The smoker characteristics examined were: country of study site (USA versus non‐USA); history of psychiatric diagnosis (defined as the primary diagnosis: none, mood disorder, anxiety disorder, psychotic disorder); sex; age; BMI; ethnic group (white, black, other); lifetime suicidal ideation and/or behaviour [none versus any, captured through Columbia–Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C‐SSRS)] 28; anxiety score [Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS)] 29; depression score (HADS) 29; aggression score [Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ)] 30; use of psychotropic medication, including sleeping aids (none, any); cigarette dependence [Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD)] 31; age of starting smoking; and prior use of study medicines (none versus any, for each of the three medications—varenicline, bupropion or any type of NRT). Supporting information, Table S2 describes the collection of smokers’ characteristics as recorded on the patient report form used by investigators.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with the efficacy of smoking cessation treatments and predictors of smoking abstinence in EAGLES

et al. 2018

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AimsTo assess (1) how far the efficacies of front‐line smoking cessation pharmacotherapies vary as a function of smoker characteristics and (2) associations between these characteristics and success of smoking cessation attempts.DesignProspective correlational study in the context of a double‐blind randomized trial. The outcome was regressed individually onto each covariate after adjusting for treatment, and then a forward stepwise model constructed. Treatment moderator effects of covariates were tested by treatment × covariate interactions.SettingHealth service facilities in multiple countries.ParticipantsData came from 8120 smokers willing to make a quit attempt, randomized to varenicline, bupropion, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) or placebo in Evaluating Adverse Events in a Global Smoking Cessation Study (EAGLES) between 30 November 2011 and 13 January 2015.MeasurementsSmoker characteristics measured at baseline were country, psychiatric history, sex, age, body mass index (BMI), ethnic group, life‐time suicidal ideation/behaviour, anxiety, depression, aggression, psychotropic medication, history of alcohol/substance use disorder, age of starting smoking, cigarette dependence [Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD)] and prior use of study medicines. Outcome was biochemically confirmed continuous abstinence at weeks 9–24 from start of treatment.FindingsNo statistically significant treatment × covariate interactions were found. Odds of success were associated independently positively with age [odds ratio (OR) = 1.01; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.00, 1.01], BMI (1.01; 95% CI = 1.00, 1.02) and age of starting smoking (1.03; 95% CI = 1.02, 1.04). Odds were associated independently negatively with US (versus non‐US) study site (0.53; 95% CI = 0.46, 0.61), black (versus white) ethnic group (0.57; 95% CI = 0.45, 0.72), mood disorder (0.85; 95% CI = 0.73, 0.99), anxiety disorder (0.71; 95% CI = 0.55, 0.90) and psychotic disorder (0.73; 95% CI = 0.50, 1.07), taking psychotropic medication (0.81; 95% CI = 0.68, 0.95), FTCD (0.89; 95% CI = 0.87, 0.92) and previous use of NRT (0.78; 95% CI = 0.67, 0.91).ConclusionsWhile a range of smoker characteristics—including psychiatric history, cigarette dependence and prior use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)—are associated with lower cessation rates, they do not substantially influence the efficacy of varenicline, bupropion or NRT.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with the efficacy of smoking cessation treatments and predictors of smoking abstinence in EAGLES

et al. 2018

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“…The following demographic, psychological and smoking characteristics available at baseline were considered for assessment as potential predictors of smoking cessation: age, ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), marital status, parity, gestational age, gestational interval between baseline and end of pregnancy, study centre, randomization groups (physical activity versus control), alcohol consumption 44, self‐reports of moderate–vigorous‐intensity physical activity (MVPA) in the previous week 45, age at full‐time education, occupation, Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS) 46 score, partner smoking status, number of cigarettes smoked per day before pregnancy, number of cigarettes smoked per day at baseline, smoking status in previous pregnancy, FTCD score 30 (plus the scores for the HSI and non‐HSI components of the FTCD), expired CO level [parts per million (p.p.m.)] 35 and weekly smoking urges 36.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a demonstration of predictive validity, we expect that higher scores of these measures would be associated inversely with cessation. The most widely used measure of cigarette dependence is the FTCD 30, 31, 32, 33, while the biochemical marker of expired carbon monoxide (CO) 34, 35 and urge to smoke 36, 37 are also used commonly to measure dependence. The Heaviness of Smoking Index HSI 38, composed of two items from the FTCD (time to first cigarette of the day and number of cigarettes usually smoked per day), has been shown to predict failure of quit attempts in non‐pregnant smokers in both population‐based 24, 37 and clinical studies 27, 31, 32, 39.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Which measures of cigarette dependence are predictors of smoking cessation during pregnancy? Analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial

et al. 2016

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AimsTo examine the ability of different common measures of cigarette dependence to predict smoking cessation during pregnancy.DesignSecondary analysis of data from a parallel‐group randomized controlled trial of physical activity for smoking cessation. The outcomes were biochemically validated smoking abstinence at 4 weeks post‐quit and end‐of‐pregnancy.SettingWomen identified as smokers in antenatal clinics in 13 hospital trusts predominantly in southern England, who were recruited to a smoking cessation trial.ParticipantsOf 789 pregnant smokers recruited, 784 were included in the analysis.MeasurementsUsing random‐effect logistic regression models, we analysed the effects of baseline measures of cigarette dependence, including numbers of cigarettes smoked daily, Fagerström Test of Cigarette Dependence (FTCD) score, the two FTCD subscales of Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) and non‐Heaviness of Smoking Index (non‐HSI), expired carbon monoxide (CO) level and urges to smoke (strength and frequency) on smoking cessation. Associations were adjusted for significant socio‐demographic/health behaviour predictors and trial variables, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the predictive ability of the model for each measure of dependence.FindingsAll the dependence variables predicted abstinence at 4 weeks and end‐of‐pregnancy. At 4 weeks, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval) for a unit standard deviation increase in FTCD was 0.59 (0.47–0.74), expired CO = 0.54 (0.41–0.71), number of cigarettes smoked per day 0.65 (0.51–0.84) and frequency of urges to smoke 0.79 (0.63–0.98); at end‐of‐pregnancy they were: 0.60 (0.45–0.81), 0.55 (0.37–0.80), 0.70 (0.49–0.98) and 0.69 (0.51–0.94), respectively. HSI and non‐HSI exhibited similar results to the full FTCD.ConclusionsFour common measures of dependence, including number of cigarettes smoked per day, scores for Fagerström Test of Cigarette Dependence and frequency of urges and level of expired CO, all predicted smoking abstinence in the short term during pregnancy and at end‐of‐pregnancy with very similar predictive validity.

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“…Medical history included cigarette dependence measured using the Fagerström Test of Cigarette/Nicotine Dependence (FTCD/FTND) [27,28]; for analysis, patients were split according to their scores into 'low' (0 to 4) and 'high' (5, 10, to) dependence. Depression symptoms were assessed using Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI-II, [23,29]); for some analyses, patients were categorised into 'none or minimal' (scores ≤13), 'mild' (14, 19, to) and 'moderate/severe' (≥20) depression; moderate and severe were collapsed to avoid small group sizes.…”

Section: Patient Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression and Smoking Cessation: Evidence from a Smoking Cessation Clinic with 1-Year Follow-Up

et al. 2016

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Background Smoking is more prevalent among people with depression. Depression may make cessation more difficult and cessation may affect depression symptoms. Purpose The aims of this study were to assess the associations between (1) baseline depression and 1-year smoking abstinence and (2) abstinence and change in depression. Methods Observational study using data collected routinely in a smoking cessation clinic in the Czech Republic from 2008 to 2014. Aim 1: N = 3775 patients; 14.3% reported mild and 15.4% moderate/severe baseline depression levels measured using Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Logistic regressions assessed if depression level predicted 1-year biochemically verified abstinence while adjusting for patient and treatment characteristics. Aim 2: N = 835 patients abstinent at 1 year; change in depression was analysed using Chi-square statistics, t test and mixed method analyses of variance. Results Rate of abstinence was lower for patients with mild (32.5%, OR = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.54 to 0.87, p = 0.002) and moderate/severe depression (25.8%; OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.45 to 0.74, p < 0.001) compared with patients without depression (40.5%).Across abstinent patients, the majority with baseline depression reported lower depression levels at follow-up. Overall mean (SD) BDI-II scores improved from 9.2 (8.6) to 5.3 (6.1); t(834) = 14.6, p < 0.001. There were significant main effects of time (F(1832) = 880.8, p < 0.001, partial η 2 = 0.51) and baseline depression level (F(2832) = 666.4, p < 0.001, partial η 2 = 0.62) on follow-up depression and a significant depression * time interaction (F(2832) = 296.5, p < 0.001, partial η 2 = 0.42). Conclusions In this effective smoking cessation clinic, depression at the start of treatment predicted reduced smoking abstinence 1 year later. Patients abstinent from smoking experienced considerable improvement in depression.

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Determinants of Tobacco Use and Renaming the FTND to the Fagerstrom Test for Cigarette Dependence

Cited by 848 publications

References 29 publications

Factors associated with the efficacy of smoking cessation treatments and predictors of smoking abstinence in EAGLES

Factors associated with the efficacy of smoking cessation treatments and predictors of smoking abstinence in EAGLES

Which measures of cigarette dependence are predictors of smoking cessation during pregnancy? Analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial

Depression and Smoking Cessation: Evidence from a Smoking Cessation Clinic with 1-Year Follow-Up

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