Determinants of the energy cost of front-crawl swimming in children

Poujade, B; Ca, Hautier; Rouard, Annie

doi:10.1007/s00421-001-0564-2

Cited by 47 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…In swimmers with similar performance, studies have demonstrated that 11-12 year-old children (11,20) present Sc absolute values lower than the ones reported in adolescents (14 years old) and adults (6,11) . Moreover, the absolute values of Sc were similar between adolescents and adults (6) .…”

Section: Age Effectmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…These findings suggest that the absolute values of the Sc seem to increase only between 12 and 14 years, once no differences in the Sc were observed from 14 to 21 years (6,11) . When the Sc is expressed in relation to the BSA the results revert, with the children and adolescents having the same Sc value and both presenting values higher than adults (≥ 17 years) (6,20,24) . Nonetheless, when the Sc is expressed in relation to height (H), no difference is found between children and adults (24) .…”

Section: Age Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Poujade et al (20) , found out that the Sc was not correlated with different variables such as floating and anthropometrical ones in children (H, M and BSA). These results contrast with similar studies performed with adults in which M and H were correlated with the Sc (12,16) .…”

Section: Age Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The alterations that occur from childhood to adolescence are important since they are concerned with changes in the morphological and physiological characteristics as well as mechanical capacities (20) . Children tend to float with lower passive torque than adults, especially by the shorter distance between the mass center and the floating center, which are the points that interfere in the position the individual is when submerged in water (9,21) .…”

Section: Age Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fatores intrínsecos do custo energético da locomoção durante a natação

Caputo¹,

Oliveira²,

Denadai

et al. 2006

Rev Bras Med Esporte

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The amount of metabolic energy spent in transporting the body mass of the subject over a unit of distance has been defined as the energy cost of locomotion, or regarding to swimming, cost of swimming. The differences in the cost of swimming between the individuals seem to be influenced by two main factors, the hydrodynamic resistance and technical skill of the swimmer. The lower cost of swimming showed by females has been attributed to a smaller hydrodynamic resistance due to their smaller size, larger percentage fat and more streamlined position. However, the difference in cost of swimming between males and females disappears when correcting for body size. With regard to children, the higher energy cost of swimming when correcting for body size may be caused by the lower swimming technique showed by them. For individuals with the same anthropometric characteristics, the better swimming technique and larger size of propelling surface, associated with higher propelling efficiency, may decrease the energy cost of swimming. When comparing different types of strokes, the most economical stroke is crawl, followed by backstroke, irrespective the swimming velocity. Butterfly is the less economical at low velocities (< 0.8 m·s -1 ). However, above that velocity the breaststroke become the less economical stroke.

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Section: Age Effectmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Age Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Age Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Age Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Fatores intrínsecos do custo energético da locomoção durante a natação

Caputo¹,

Oliveira²,

Denadai

et al. 2006

Rev Bras Med Esporte

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“…* * * * * Nonetheless the patterns above-observed, it is important to underline that the complex inter-relationships between v, SR and SL are quite individualized, depending on several factors (e.g. gender, anthropometric variables, training status, swimming technique and swimming distance) [10], reflecting the swimming efficiency of each swimmer [5]. Thus, when involved in a program of training monitoring, evaluation and advice of swimmers, coaches should follow the individualization principle, working individually with each swimmer, trying to match his/her proper training load by better combining swimming intensity (v) and technique (SR and SL).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stroking Parameters Patterns in A Training Set Performed at the Critical Velocity

Campos¹,

Figueiredo²,

Vilas‐Boas³

et al. 2014

TOSSJ

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Abstract:Swimming critical velocity is defined as the maximum velocity that could be maintained during a long period of time without exhaustion, being accepted as a valid parameter to assess aerobic capacity. Our purpose was to observe the patterns of the stroking parameters during a typical aerobic capacity training set conducted at critical velocity. Thirtysix juvenile swimmers performed front crawl 200 and 800 m tests at maximum intensity. Critical velocity and critical stroke rate were assessed as the slope of the regression line obtained between the test distances, and between the total number of stroke cycles in each test distance, and the respective times, respectively. Twenty-four hours after, swimmers performed a typical aerobic capacity training set (8x200 m front crawl, 20s rest). It were observed moderate to high correlation coefficients between critical velocity values and mean velocity of the aerobic training set (r=0.84 and r=0.66, respectively for female and male groups). The same phenomenon was observed when considering the relationship between critical stroke rate and the mean stroke rate obtained in the training set (r=0.93 for both gender groups). Velocity decreased from the 1 st to 2 nd repetitions, becoming stable in the middle of the set and increasing during the last repetition. Stroke rate was stable during the first seven repetitions and increased from the 7 th to the 8 th repetition. Stroke length was stable in the female group and, in the male group, increased from the 2 nd to the 3 rd repetition, followed by a decrease in the final of the training set.

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Human Physiology in an Aquatic Environment

Pendergast

Moon

Krasney

et al. 2015

Comprehensive Physiology

134

137

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Water covers over 70% of the earth, has varying depths and temperatures and contains much of the earth's resources. Head-out water immersion (HOWI) or submersion at various depths (diving) in water of thermoneutral (TN) temperature elicits profound cardiorespiratory, endocrine, and renal responses. The translocation of blood into the thorax and elevation of plasma volume by autotransfusion of fluid from cells to the vascular compartment lead to increased cardiac stroke volume and output and there is a hyperperfusion of some tissues. Pulmonary artery and capillary hydrostatic pressures increase causing a decline in vital capacity with the potential for pulmonary edema. Atrial stretch and increased arterial pressure cause reflex autonomic responses which result in endocrine changes that return plasma volume and arterial pressure to preimmersion levels. Plasma volume is regulated via a reflex diuresis and natriuresis. Hydrostatic pressure also leads to elastic loading of the chest, increasing work of breathing, energy cost, and thus blood flow to respiratory muscles. Decreases in water temperature in HOWI do not affect the cardiac output compared to TN; however, they influence heart rate and the distribution of muscle and fat blood flow. The reduced muscle blood flow results in a reduced maximal oxygen consumption. The properties of water determine the mechanical load and the physiological responses during exercise in water (e.g. swimming and water based activities). Increased hydrostatic pressure caused by submersion does not affect stroke volume; however, progressive bradycardia decreases cardiac output. During submersion, compressed gas must be breathed which introduces the potential for oxygen toxicity, narcosis due to nitrogen, and tissue and vascular gas bubbles during decompression and after may cause pain in joints and the nervous system.

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Determinants of the energy cost of front-crawl swimming in children

Cited by 47 publications

References 20 publications

Fatores intrínsecos do custo energético da locomoção durante a natação

Fatores intrínsecos do custo energético da locomoção durante a natação

Stroking Parameters Patterns in A Training Set Performed at the Critical Velocity

Human Physiology in an Aquatic Environment

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