Determinants of Selected Cardiovascular Diseases among Adult Patients at Cardiac Clinic of Debre Berhan Referral Hospital, Ethiopia: Unmatched Case-Control Study

Abstract

Background. Africans are experiencing a rapid epidemiological transition characterized by urbanization and lifestyle changes, which are thought to contribute to increased incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in many African countries, including Ethiopia. Despite this, however, there is scarcity of evidence on cardiovascular disease risk factors among adults in the current research setting. This study thus aimed at assessing determinants of selected cardiovascular diseases among adult patients at Debre Berhan Referral Hospital (DBRH). Methodology. An unmatched case-control study was conducted on 143 newly diagnosed patients with CVDs and 286 controls at the cardiac clinic of DBRH from June to September 2017. Primary data were collected using the WHO-STEPS wise structured questionnaires. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify potential risk factors for cardiovascular diseases at p values < 0.05. Result. The mean age of study participants is estimated as 45.5±13.8 and ranges from 25 to 64 years. Sixty-one (42.7%) of cases and 147 (51.4%) of controls are males. Half of the cases (49.9%) had ischemic heart diseases (IHD), and 44.1% of cases had hypertensive heart disease (HHD), whereas the rest had chronic valvular heart disease (CRVHD) (4.2%) and peripheral and vascular disease (2.1%). This study identified older age as a risk factor for CVD: age group 35–44 years (adjusted odds ratio AOR=2.20; 95% CI: 1.05–4.62), 45-54 years (AOR=4.23; 95% CI: 2.19–8.16), and 55-64 years (AOR=5.98; 95% CI: 3.26–10.98). Other risk factors were smoking history (AOR=9.52; 95% CI: 2.12–42.8), low level of physical activity (AOR=2.19; 95% CI: 1.10–5.02), and higher waist circumference (AOR=2.75; 95% CI: 1.16–6.56). Conclusion. This study has demonstrated that the most frequent risk factors for CVD were older age, cigarette smoking, physical inactivity, and abdominal obesity. Therefore, behavior change communication focusing on lifestyle modification including regular physical activities, smoking cessation, and a balanced diet should be strengthened.

Pharmacists’ involvements and barriers in the provision of health promotion services towards noncommunicable diseases: Community-based cross-sectional study in Northwest Ethiopia

“…The occurrence of NCDs has been linked to various reasons, which are strongly related to sedentary lifestyles like smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, and an unhealthy diet, which result in NCDs such as dyslipidemia, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, renal diseases, retinopathy, and cerebrovascular diseases [ 9 , 10 ]. In Ethiopia, age, alcohol intake, and abdominal obesity are also reported as significant risk factors for developing the NCDs [ 11 , 12 ]. Thus, changing sedentary lifestyle behavior and appropriate management of modifiable risk factors can play a role in avoiding these risks [ 13 ].…”

Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study on Perceptions and Roles of Community Pharmacists in the Prevention and Management of Cardiovascular Disorders in Northwest Ethiopia

“… 4 Additionally, reports in Ethiopia disclosed that alcohol intake, age and abdominal obesities are also additional significant risk factors to the development of the CVDs. 5 , 6 …”

“…4 Additionally, reports in Ethiopia disclosed that alcohol intake, age and abdominal obesities are also additional significant risk factors to the development of the CVDs. 5,6 Changing the sedentary lifestyle behaviours and optimal control of modifiable risk factors could avoid most CV syndromes. 7 Further, optimal controls of the modifiable risk factors have been demonstrated to lower the mortality, morbidity and overburdened healthcare systems in both undiagnosed or known CVDs.…”

The burden of cardiovascular diseases in Ethiopia from 1990 to 2017: evidence from the Global Burden of Disease Study

“…From these, hypertension, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol consumption, age, high body mass index and abdominal obesity contribute significantly. 14 , 15 …”