Determinants of rural sanitation in India and implications for public policy

De, Indranil

doi:10.2166/washdev.2018.038

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Economic condition has always been an important factor for sanitation facilities. In agreement with other studies (De, 2018; Dickinson & Pattanayak, 2009; Halder & Kabir, 2008), the findings of this present study showed that the households with higher economic status and good housing condition have better access to latrine use. Banerjee et al (2017) reported that affluent households with a pucca house are more likely to have toilets within dwelling units.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Access to Latrine Facilities and Associated Factors in India: An Empirical and Spatial Analysis

Mondal

2022

Indian Journal of Human Development

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Access to adequate sanitation facilities is a basic human right and fundamental to good health. Inadequate and unhygienic sanitation practices have severe consequences for public health and socio-economic development. This study examines the levels and trends in access to latrine facilities, spatial variations and the associated socio-economic factors in India. Data drawn from the National Sample Survey Organization’s (NSSO) 69th (2012) and 76th rounds (2018) were used in this study. Moran’s ‘I’ statistic and Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) were applied to assess the spatial variations in access to latrine facilities. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were employed to examine the factors associated with latrine use. The findings revealed that access to sanitation facilities is unsatisfactory, and there is a huge rural–urban gap in latrine use. Unequal access among socio-economic groups is also very prominent. The study found substantial geographical variations in latrine use across the country; open defecation is highly prevalent in eastern and central regions of the country, while the north and north-eastern regions have better access to latrine facilities. Factors like education, occupation, socio-religious affiliation, water availability, and economic status are significant determinants of accessibility to latrine. It is recommended that targeted interventions for the socio-economically disadvantaged groups, spreading awareness about the importance of latrine use and hygienic practices, and proper assistance for construction and maintenance of toilets could be helpful to combat the harmful practice of open defecation and ensure adequate and equitable sanitation for all.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Access to Latrine Facilities and Associated Factors in India: An Empirical and Spatial Analysis

Mondal

2022

Indian Journal of Human Development

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“…Thus, lagged per capita net state domestic product and literacy rates have a significant and positive influence on IHHL coverage. Such a positive impact of household income and education level on latrine coverage and sanitation facilities is consistent with the findings of Ghosh and Cairncross (2014) and De (2018). The significance of education level in IHHL coverage has to be considered in line with the positive association between school sanitation facilities and the school enrollment ratio (Gillani 2021).…”

Section: Results From Econometric Modelssupporting

confidence: 82%

How Can Public Expenditure Improve Households’ Sanitation Behavior? Experience of the Swachh Bharat Mission in the Indian States

Nair¹,

Mishra²,

Rahut³

2023

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The social impact of sanitation is multifaceted. It has repercussions for health, education, and the local environment, as well as overall human development and economic growth. Unsafe sanitation poses environmental and health risks. In light of the health hazards, the Government of India has introduced the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) to improve sanitation conditions. This paper investigates how the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), as a public-funded initiative of the Government of India, can improve the sanitation environment in different states. The paper also explores whether the SBM has been successful as a catalyst in improving the sanitation infrastructure and ensuring its long-term sustainability.The paper employs state-level data from various secondary data sources from 2014-15 to 2018-19. The changes are also explored further using data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) (4th and 5th rounds) of the Government of India. The data were analyzed by estimating panel econometric models, and related diagnostic tests were carried out. In addition, descriptive analysis was also performed.The results show that household latrine coverage has improved considerably with the initiation of the SBM in India. In addition, a higher literacy rate, a sex ratio favoring women in the family, more significant government expenditure on sanitation and water, and more per capita income result in an improved hygienic environment.As a public-funded initiative, the SBM seems to have played the role of an important catalyst in making people aware of sanitation and creating a conducive environment by constructing latrines. One may expect such changes to encourage private expenditure on sanitation and lead to the establishment of a sustainable sanitation environment in the country. Community participation is also necessary in this regard to alter and improve sanitation and hygiene behavior.

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“…where x t and b t represent the independent variables acting as predictors of probability and the related co-efficients, respectively. Independent variables representing socio-cultural characteristics like religion and caste, which previous studies have reported as determinants of access to and usage of a toilet facility, did not alter our model, and therefore, it does not include these (De, 2018;Gupta et al, 2018;Tiwari & Nayak, 2017). This model had a statistically significant fit to the data, and its results are discussed in the next section.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Dichotomy to Continuum: Importance of Faecal Sludge Management in Shaping Future Urban–Rural Linkages in Urbanizing India

Dasgupta

Agarwal

2022

Environment and Urbanization ASIA

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Meeting the sanitation needs of a growing and urbanizing population in India led the incumbent national government to launch a large-scale sanitation programme, the Swachh Bharat Mission in 2014. Having reduced the deficit in basic rural sanitation in its first phase, the programme is targeting to achieve universal safely managed sanitation in its second phase launched in February 2020. Since the trajectory to achieving safely managed sanitation is inherently path-dependent, the present article utilizes novel survey data from rural India to understand the nature of sanitation systems in transitioning spaces and identify the investments they require to provide safely managed sanitation. It finds that the de facto preference in sanitation systems that households manifest is in direct contrast to the governmental choice of the low-cost twin pit system. The choice of the on-site sanitation system is informed by the household’s economic status and how ‘characteristically’ urban the settlements they reside in are. The article further discusses the implications of these findings for the short-term responsiveness and long-term effectiveness of the massive sanitation investments (USD 19 billion) planned for the next five years in India.

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Determinants of rural sanitation in India and implications for public policy

Cited by 17 publications

References 16 publications

Access to Latrine Facilities and Associated Factors in India: An Empirical and Spatial Analysis

Access to Latrine Facilities and Associated Factors in India: An Empirical and Spatial Analysis

How Can Public Expenditure Improve Households’ Sanitation Behavior? Experience of the Swachh Bharat Mission in the Indian States

Dichotomy to Continuum: Importance of Faecal Sludge Management in Shaping Future Urban–Rural Linkages in Urbanizing India

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