“…In support of this view, there is recent evidence suggesting a strong link between the involvement of headquarters and subsidiaries in the innovation network of the MNE system and the knowledge management mechanisms they develop (Johnston & Paladino, 2007;Mudambi, Pedersen & Andersson, 2014). For example, subsidiaries mostly are viewed as knowledge recipients and strategy implementers (Leposky, Arslan & Kontkanen, 2017) while headquarters improve innovative skills and capabilities', it benefits from the use of reverse knowledge transferred from foreign subsidiaries (Rabbiosi & Santangelo, 2013;Schmid & Schurig, 2003;Almeida & Phene, 2004;Athreye, Batsakis & Singh, 2016). In the learning process, we verified three learning resources including customers, collaborators and host countries' background.…”