Determinants of postpartum depression among mothers in Debre Tabor town, North-central, Ethiopia: Community-based unmatched case-control study

Abstract

BackgroundPostpartum depression (PPD) is a non-psychotic depressive disorder of variable severity, and it can begin as early as 2 weeks after delivery and can persist indefinitely if left untreated. In Ethiopia, the prevalence of postpartum depression is high. There is a dearth of literature to determine factors associated with postpartum depression in Ethiopia, specifically in the study area.ObjectiveThis study aimed to identify factors associated with postpartum depression among mothers in Debre Tabor Town, Northcentral Ethiopia.MethodA community-based unmatched case-control study was conducted among mothers who were living in Debre Tabor Town and fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Postpartum mothers were selected using a simple random sampling technique from the listed sampling frame at the health center. Then, the sample cases and controls were interviewed until the sample size was fulfilled by using a consecutive sampling method. The data were entered into the EPI data version 4.6 and then imported and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics of different variables were done by cross-tabulation. Binary logistic regression was used to assess the determinant factors with the outcome variable. A P-value of < 0.05 was considered to declare statistical significance.ResultsA total of 308 postnatal mothers living in Debre Tabor Town were included, with a 97.5% response rate. History of substance use in the previous 3 months (AOR: 6.47, 95% CI; 2.61, 15.74), current baby illness (AOR: 3.9, 95% CI; 1.5, 10.12), marital dissatisfaction (AOR: 2.41, 95% CI; 1.22, 4.75), unplanned current pregnancy (AOR: 3.46, 95% CI; 1.32, 9.12), and breastfeeding (AOR: 0.22, 95% CI; 0.09, 0.55) were independent factors that affected the occurrence of PPD.ConclusionThis study revealed that a recent history of substance use (in the past 3 months), current baby illness, marital satisfaction, unplanned current pregnancy, and breastfeeding were associated with postpartum depression. Healthcare providers working in maternal and child health clinics and health extension workers should give special attention to postpartum mothers who have had a history of substance use, current baby illness, unplanned pregnancy, non-breastfeeding mothers, and mothers with poor marital satisfaction.

Postpartum depression and associated factor among mothers attending public health centers of Yeka sub city, addis ababa Ethiopia

“…The question was distributed through direct interview. The contents of the questioner have 5 sections which are the sociodemographic, previous history of psychiatric history, obstetric and infant factors, psychosocial factors, and EPDS scale.The 10-question The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is an instrument designed to aid in the identification of suspected postnatal depression symptoms.EPDS score between 1 and 9 shows the existence of certain distress symptoms that may be short lived and are less likely to impair daily capacity to perform within the home or at workplace.EPDS scores of 10–12 indicate a relatively high likelihood of depression, whereas EPDS scores of 13 and higher indicate probable depression.The cutoff point for PPD screening was 12 with an overall score of 30 as a score for feasibility.The cut off point used for this study is > 12 having depression and≤12 have no depression.Positive score (1,2,3) on question number 10 show risk of self-harm or suicide [ [24] , [36] ].…”

“…More over, Socio-demographic features such as like younger maternal age [ 20 , 22 ], maternal age >35 [ 23 ], women who are unmarried or separated, Lower level of education [ 24 ], unemployed women [ 25 , 26 ], Women who had low income [ 24 ] been discovered to be linked to postpartum depression.In contrast, depressive symptoms such as previous depression history [ 27 ], women with a a prior record of postpartum depression [ 28 , 29 ]family history of depression [ 30 , 31 ] are the factors linked with postpartum depression.…”

“…Obstetric complications such as risky pregnancy, labour complications, and breastfeeding problems [ 25 ], unplanned pregnancy and miscarriage or still birth [ 18 , 32 ], fetal sex [ 11 ], having birth complications or baby death at birth [ 12 ], mode of delivery [ 33 ], women with ill infants and hospitalized [ 19 ], and mode of breastfeeding [ 33 ]. Finally, psychosocial issues such as women who received no or minimal support and Women's relationships with their husbands [ 24 , 34 ] were found to enhance the incidence of PPD.…”

Assessment of Postpartum Depression Screening Practice and Associated Factors among Physicians in Gynecology and Obstetrics Department of Tertiary Hospitals in Southern and Central Ethiopia

“…Some studies report an association with cortisol levels, while others dispute any correlation (4)(5)(6)(7). Studies also indicate it has been associated with several risk factors during pregnancy such as stress, lack of social support, previous and family history of depression, domestic violence, marital dissatisfaction, history of stillbirth, infant death, unplanned pregnancy, previous history of depression, complications of pregnancy, and some cultural values and traditional practices (2,(8)(9)(10)(11).…”

“…Several studies conducted in Ethiopia focus on the prevalence of PPD, its risks, symptomatology, and its treatment (11,16,(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24). But PPD screening practice level is unknown.…”