Determinants of Postnatal Depression in Rural Ghana: Findings From the Don Population Based Cohort Study

Weobong, Benedict; Asbroek, A. H. A. ten; Soremekun, Seyi; Danso, Samuel; Owusu‐Agyei, Seth; Prince, Martin; Kirkwood, Betty

doi:10.1002/da.22218

Cited by 53 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…This estimate lies within the wide range of prior PPD prevalence estimates (6.1–30.6%), reported amongst African mothers [1, 3, 31, 36]. A few studies conducted in South Africa found higher rates of PPD, for example Tomlinson and colleagues estimated prevalence of postpartum depression as 34.7% in a peri-urban settlement in Cape Town [37].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

Postpartum depression and infant feeding practices in a low income urban settlement in Nairobi-Kenya

et al. 2016

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BackgroundPostpartum depression can compromise caregiving activities, including infant feeding practices, resulting in child malnutrition. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of postpartum depression on infant feeding practices and malnutrition among women in an urban low income settlement in Nairobi-Kenya. We conducted a cross-sectional study based in Kariobangi North Health Centre in Nairobi County. The study sample included 200 mother-infant pairs visiting the Maternal and Child Health clinics for infant immunization at 6–14 weeks postpartum. We assessed postpartum depression using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale. Infant feeding practices were assessed based on World Health Organization infant and young child feeding guidelines. Nutritional status (weight for age) was ascertained using infants’ growth monitoring card (percentiles and z-score). We conducted logistic regression analyses to determine the relative odds of non-exclusive breast feeding and infant underweight among mothers with postpartum depression.ResultsThe prevalence of PPD was 13.0% (95% CI 8.3–17.7%). Taking into account differences in socioeconomic status of depressed and non-depressed mothers, non-depressed mothers had a 6.14 (95% CI 2.45–13.36) times higher odds of practicing exclusive breastfeeding than mothers who were depressed. Mothers with PPD had a 4.40 (95% CI 1.91–11.93) time higher odds of having an underweight infant than mothers without depression.ConclusionsThis study contributes towards filling the knowledge gap regarding the adverse effects of postpartum depression on infant health in sub-Saharan Africa. We recommend more research on PPD using longitudinal designs to establish temporal ordering of these important public health problems and development of community-based interventions to address post-partum depression.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-016-2307-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

Postpartum depression and infant feeding practices in a low income urban settlement in Nairobi-Kenya

et al. 2016

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“…We however estimated a higher rate of depression among mothers than previously reported elsewhere in the country; 3.8–11.3 % [9–11, 28]. All the previous studies were conducted outside Northern Ghana, two involved mothers with special circumstances i.e., HIV positive mothers and mothers of sick and hospitalized children, and the other two were on women in a vitamin A trial.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…In Ghana, two small health centre-based studies reported a depression prevalence of 10.0 % in HIV positive mothers in Eastern Region using Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale [9], and mothers of sick children admitted at a tertiary health care facility in Ashanti Region using the Patient Health Questionnaire [10] but in the second study, over 25 % of the mothers had scores corresponding to moderate depression. A recent large study in the Brong Ahafo Region estimated a prevalence of 9.6 % among pregnant women which reduced to 3.8 % after delivery [11]. The combination of women’s vulnerability to depression, their responsibility for childcare and the high prevalence of maternal depression in developing countries [8, 12] suggests that, maternal mental health could have a substantial influence on the growth of children in these countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between maternal depression and child stunting in Northern Ghana: a cross-sectional study

Wemakor

Mensah

2016

BMC Public Health

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BackgroundStunting indicates failure to attain genetic potential for height and is a well-documented indicator for poor growth. Depression is common in women of reproductive age and women’s mental health problems may affect the growth of young children. We examined the association between maternal depression and stunting in mother-child pairs attending Child Welfare Clinic (CWC) in Northern Ghana.MethodsAn analytical cross-sectional study was performed involving mothers (15–45 years) and their children (0–59 months) who attended CWC at Bilpeila Health Centre, Tamale, Ghana. Socio-demographic data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire, maternal depression was measured using Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Screening Scale, and anthropometry was conducted on children following standard procedures. The association between maternal depression and child stunting was examined in logistic regression adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsPrevalence rates of child stunting and maternal depression were estimated at 16.1 and 27.8 % respectively in Northern Ghana. Mothers with depression when compared with those without depression tended to be younger, be currently unmarried, belong to the poorest household wealth tertile, and were more likely to have low birth weight babies, so these characteristics were adjusted for. In an adjusted multivariate logistic regression model, children of depressed mothers were almost three times more likely to be stunted compared to children of non-depressed mothers (Adjusted OR = 2.48, 95 % CI 1.29–4.77, p = 0.0011).ConclusionsThere is a high prevalence of depression among mothers in Northern Ghana which is associated with child stunting. Further studies are needed to identify the determinants of maternal depression and to examine its association with child stunting to inform nutrition programming.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3558-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Included studies were published between 1998 and 2015, with sample sizes that ranged from 41 in Thailand 36 to 13,360 participants in Ghana. 37 Among the studies, postpartum depression was predominantly determined using the EPDS. The EPDS was used in 38 studies, PHQ-9 in three studies, MINI in two studies, BDI in two studies and other screening and diagnostic scales in other studies including Aga Khan University Anxiety and Depression Scale, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, Clinical Interview Schedule, Health Related Self Report Scale, Maternity Blues Scale, Self-Reporting Questionnaire, and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Diagnoses.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of maternal depression, risk factors, and child outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries

Gelaye

Rondón

Araya

et al. 2016

The Lancet Psychiatry

803

711

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Maternal depression, a non-psychotic depressive episode of mild to major severity, is one of the major contributors of pregnancy-related morbidity and mortality. Maternal depression (antepartum or post partum) has been linked to negative health-related behaviours and adverse outcomes, including psychological and developmental disturbances in infants, children, and adolescents. Despite its enormous burden, maternal depression in low-income and middle-income countries remains under-recognised and undertreated. In this Series paper, we systematically review studies that focus on the epidemiology of perinatal depression (ie, during antepartum and post-partum periods) among women residing in low-income and middle-income countries. We also summarise evidence for the association of perinatal depression with infant and childhood outcomes. This review is intended to summarise fi ndings from the existing literature, identify important knowledge gaps, and set the research agenda for creating new generalisable knowledge pertinent to increasing our understanding of the prevalence, determinants, and infant and childhood health outcomes associated with perinatal depression. This review is also intended to set the stage for subsequent work aimed at reinforcing and accelerating investments toward providing services to manage maternal depression in low-income and middle-income countries.

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Determinants of Postnatal Depression in Rural Ghana: Findings From the Don Population Based Cohort Study

Cited by 53 publications

References 57 publications

Postpartum depression and infant feeding practices in a low income urban settlement in Nairobi-Kenya

Postpartum depression and infant feeding practices in a low income urban settlement in Nairobi-Kenya

Association between maternal depression and child stunting in Northern Ghana: a cross-sectional study

Epidemiology of maternal depression, risk factors, and child outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries

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