“…Adolescent mothers' effectiveness may be challenged if their social support is limited (Herrmann, Van Cleve, & Levison, 1998). Adolescents and their children may live in socially isolated, single-parent, impoverished environments, which may lead to childhood behavioral problems (Halpern, 1993;Osofsky, Hann, & Peebles, 1993;Osofsky, Wewers, Hann, & Fick, 1993;Turner, Grindstaff, & Phillips, 1990;Wakschlag et al, 2000), learning problems (East & Felice, 1990), poor school performance, and troubled peer relationships (Levine-Coley & Chase-Landale, 1998;Levine, Garcia Coll, & Oh, 1985). The threat to care-giving imposed by adolescent mothers' limited psychosocial resources may be buffered by a supportive family environment, partner, or professional (Schellenbach, Whitman, & Borkowski, 1992).…”