Determinants of exposure to ultrafine particulate matter, black carbon, and PM2.5 in common travel modes in Istanbul

Onat, Burcu; Şahin, Ülkü Alver; Uzun, Burcu; Akın, Özcan; Özkaya, Fazilet; Ayvaz, Coşkun

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.02.015

Cited by 49 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…48 In a study conducted in Istanbul, lower in-cab BC concentrations were found under WC + AC + ARM. 41 Nevertheless, in the present study we did not being able to find any factor related to traffic significantly affecting these concentrations. The discrepancy between our results and those above mentioned can be explained by the fact that vehicle combustion process may not be the major source of BC in Lebanon.…”

Section: Influence Of Ventilation Settingscontrasting

confidence: 78%

“…WC + AC + ARM offered between 47% and 90% of UFP protection inside cabs. 20,30,40 Furthermore, Onat et al 41 found that UFP levels were 80% higher in vehicles when WO and they were more than doubled in Moreno et al 28 and in Los Angeles (mean: 19 ± 20 μg m −3 ) cars 46 and slightly higher than in Singapore taxis (GM: 2.9 μg m −3 ). 47 Such divergence may be the result of both windows opening/closing status and engine types.…”

Section: Influence Of Ventilation Settingsmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Cross‐sectional study of in‐vehicle exposure to ultrafine particles and black carbon inside Lebanese taxicabs

et al. 2020

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Taxi drivers' exposure to traffic-related air pollutants inside their vehicles has been reported in different countries but not yet in Lebanon. Thus, we conducted a crosssectional study on 20 Lebanese taxi drivers to (1) assess their exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) and black carbon (BC) inside their vehicles and (2) identify determinants of this exposure. UFP and BC were measured using Diffusion Size Classifier Miniature ® and microAeth ® Model AE51, respectively, for 5 hours. Data on characteristics of vehicles and trips were collected by face-to-face interviews. Associations between pollutant levels and their determinants were analyzed by multiple linear regression. The mean of UFP count (35.2 ± 17.6 x 10 3 particles cm-3) and BC (5.2 ± 1.9 μg m-3) concentrations in-taxis was higher in the morning measurements compared with those in the afternoon measurements. UFP count increased in-taxis by 60% for every 10 minutes spent in blocked traffic and by 84% starting from two trips with smokers compared to trips without smokers. Conversely, UFP count decreased by 30% for every 10 minutes under both airconditioning and air recirculation mode with windows closed. BC was not affected by any of these factors. Our findings suggest easy ways to reduce UFP exposure inside vehicles for all commuters.

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Section: Influence Of Ventilation Settingscontrasting

confidence: 78%

Section: Influence Of Ventilation Settingsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Cross‐sectional study of in‐vehicle exposure to ultrafine particles and black carbon inside Lebanese taxicabs

et al. 2020

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“…In another study conducted in Hong Kong, the mean PM2.5 concentration was found as 60 μg m −3 (three trips only), which is higher compared to road transport modes (bus, car, minibus) [39]. In comparison with the previous study in Istanbul conducted by Onat et al [37], our PM2.5 results were lower compared to bus, but higher than compared to car (windows closed mode). WHO recommends the 24-h mean guideline value of PM2.5 as 25 μg/m 3 for the indoor air of living spaces in residences.…”

Section: Concentration In Ferrycontrasting

confidence: 73%

“…BC was negatively and moderately correlated with atmospheric pressure (r = −0.47, p < 0.01). In the previous study, BC was significantly negatively associated with atmospheric pressure in bus and light rail [37]. Furthermore, BC was negatively associated with humidity (r = −0.52, p < 0.05 for car ferry).…”

Section: Correlations Between Pollutants and Meteorologymentioning

confidence: 63%

“…PNC (r = −0.35) and PM 2.5 (r = −0.36) were negatively and weakly associated (p < 0.05) with temperature at Bakırköy pier. Temperature has been reported to be both positively and negatively correlated with BC, PM 2.5 , and PNC concentrations [37,[49][50][51][52]. In vehicle dominated areas, the correlation between PNC and temperature is more likely to be negative due to condensation of volatile compounds in emissions [8].…”

Section: Correlations Between Pollutants and Meteorologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Commuter Exposure to Black Carbon, Fine Particulate Matter and Particle Number Concentration in Ferry and at the Pier in Istanbul

et al. 2019

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This paper presents measurements and analyses of the concentrations of black carbon (BC), particle number concentration (PNC), and PM 2.5 (≤2.5 µm) while commuting by ferries in Istanbul. In this context, exposures to the mentioned pollutants were estimated for car ferry, fast ferry, and at the piers, and for two travel routes, for a total of 89 trips. BC, PNC, and PM 2.5 measurements were simultaneously performed in a ferry and at the piers, and the correlation between pollutant concentrations, meteorological parameters, and environmental factors were analyzed. The mean concentrations for all pollutants in car ferry were lower than the average concentrations in fast ferry. The concentration ratios of fast ferry to car ferry for BC, PNC, and PM 2.5 were 6.4, 1.2, and 1.3, respectively. High variability in the concentrations was observed at the piers and in ferry during berthing. The highest mean concentrations (±standard deviation) of BC (14.3 ± 10.1 µg m −3 ) and PNC (42,005 ± 30,899 pt cm −3 ) were measured at Yalova pier. The highest mean concentration (±standard deviation) of PM 2.5 (26.1 ± 11.5) was measured at Bostancı pier. It was observed that the main external sources of BC, PNC, and PM 2.5 at the piers were road transport, residential heating, and shipping activity. There were no significant correlations between BC, PNC, and PM 2.5 in fast ferry, while BC was positively correlated with PNC (r = 0.61, p < 0.01) and PM 2.5 (r = 0.76, p < 0.01) in car ferry. At the piers, significant relations between pollutants and meteorological variables were observed. It was noticed that there was no significant difference between summer and winter in ferry and at the pier concentrations of BC, PNC, and PM 2.5 except for Yenikapı pier and Bakırköy pier. The highest total exposure to PNC and PM 2.5 was in car ferry mode, while the highest total exposure to BC was in fast ferry mode.Atmosphere 2019, 10, 439 2 of 16 no sufficient data nor detailed information available on commuter exposure in ferry and at the piers. Most of marine air quality studies are about the determination of emissions from ships. Only a few studies were conducted in ferry. Lau and Chan [4] investigated the volatile organic compound VOC levels in ferry, road transport, and railway, and they revealed that the exposure levels in ferry were the lowest. Chan et al. [5] collected PM 10 samples in ferry in Hong Kong, they found PM 10 levels in ferries were higher than the air-conditioned roadway transport.Particles with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 0.1 µm are defined as ultrafine particles (UFP) [6]. UFP contribute to 90% of particle number concentration (PNC) in urban areas and the major source of UFP is combustion engines [7,8]. Due to the small size of the UFP, it easily causes adverse effects on respiratory and cardiovascular systems [9]. Black carbon (BC), a component of fine particle (PM 2.5 ) [10], causes respiratory diseases including lung cancer [11], and is also considered as the second most major pollutant affecting climate change after ...

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Exposure to Air Pollutants in Ground Transport Microenvironments

Almeida¹,

Martins²

2022

Handbook of Indoor Air Quality

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Determinants of exposure to ultrafine particulate matter, black carbon, and PM2.5 in common travel modes in Istanbul

Cited by 49 publications

References 59 publications

Cross‐sectional study of in‐vehicle exposure to ultrafine particles and black carbon inside Lebanese taxicabs

Cross‐sectional study of in‐vehicle exposure to ultrafine particles and black carbon inside Lebanese taxicabs

Commuter Exposure to Black Carbon, Fine Particulate Matter and Particle Number Concentration in Ferry and at the Pier in Istanbul

Exposure to Air Pollutants in Ground Transport Microenvironments

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