Determinants of disinfectant pretreatment efficacy for nitrosamine control in chloraminated drinking water

McCurry, Daniel L.; Krasner, Stuart W.; Gunten, Urs von; Mitch, William A.

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2015.07.024

Cited by 49 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Although preozonation had very little impact, mid‐ozonation destroyed (transformed) 43% of the total nitrosamines' FP, which indicated some precursors were readily oxidized with a sufficient ozone dose, because ozonation can be an effective oxidant (Shah et al 2012). However, in other studies, ozone was found to cause NDMA formation rather than prevent it, especially during ozonation of wastewater and coagulant polymers (Gerrity et al 2015, McCurry et al 2015, Park et al 2014), which is different from the result in this study. Perhaps the characteristics of nitrosamine precursors are different.…”

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confidence: 99%

Control of Nitrosamines, THMs, and HAAs in Heavily Impacted Water with O₃‐BAC

et al. 2017

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Comprehensive control of regulated trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), as well as nitrosamines, is needed to address forthcoming regulations. The formation potentials (FPs) of these disinfection by‐products (DBPs) with chlorination (Cl2) and chloramination (NH2Cl) were investigated along the treatment train of a conventional and ozone‐biologically active carbon (O3‐BAC) process. The nitrosamines FP‐NH2Cl, THM FP‐Cl2, and HAA FP‐Cl2 in heavily impacted source water in China were as high as 333 ng/L, 307 µg/L, and 247 µg/L, respectively, indicating that there was a high risk of DBP formation in the finished water. A combination of conventional and O3‐BAC processes reduced nitrosamine FP‐NH2Cl to 39 ng/L, achieving an 88% removal. This process also reduced THM FP‐Cl2 and HAA FP‐Cl2 to 197 and 174 µg/L, with fairly low removals of 36 and 29.5%, respectively. The strategy for this water was to apply conventional and O3‐BAC processes to substantially eliminate nitrosamine precursors and then apply chloramination to control THMs and HAAs.

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confidence: 99%

Control of Nitrosamines, THMs, and HAAs in Heavily Impacted Water with O₃‐BAC

et al. 2017

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“…NDMA precursors can be abated or transformed by chlorine (hypochlorous acid [HOCl]), chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ), ozone (O 3 ), or ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation (McCurry et al , Selbes et al ; Shah et al , Lee et al ). The order of efficacy was found to be as follows: O 3 > HOCl ~ medium‐pressure UV > low‐pressure UV > ClO 2 (McCurry et al , Shah et al ). Uzun et al () found that the use of chlorine and chlorine dioxide, especially simultaneous application, enhanced removal of NDMA formation potential (FP).…”

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“…Maximum precursor abatement by free chlorine is anticipated at pH ~8.5–9 for the maximum co‐occurrence of the active oxidant (HOCl, pK a = 7.5) and the neutral amine precursors (pK a ~10–11) (Heeb et al , Lee & von Gunten ). Free chlorine contact time and temperature are also important (McCurry et al , Charrois & Hrudey ). A significant portion of the research summarized previously involved model compounds for mechanistic studies and disinfectant doses and conditions not relevant to drinking water treatment practice.…”

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“…The in situ formation of chloramines will produce some dichloramine, depending on the order of addition and the mixing efficiency (Furst et al , Krasner et al ). Some recent studies have demonstrated the utility of using these more realistic UFC protocols (Zeng et al , McCurry et al , Shah et al ). In addition to using UFC tests with prechlorination, Shah et al () conducted tests that included the application of 2.5 mg/L as chlorine of either preformed monochloramine or dichloramine.…”

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Impact of Combined Chlorination and Chloramination Conditions onN‐Nitrosodimethylamine Formation

Krasner¹,

Lee²,

Mitch³

et al. 2018

Journal AWWA

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SwitzerlandBench-scale chloramination under uniform formation conditions was used to examine N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation in settled and (bio)filtered drinking water and treated wastewater. In this study, water temperature, pH, postchloramination time, and chlorineto-nitrogen (Cl 2 /N) weight ratio were varied to investigate NDMA formation in various water types. Wastewater and certain polymers were investigated as sources of NDMA precursors. Nitrified biofilters were found to be another precursor source. NDMA formation in nitrified biofilter effluent and polymer-impacted water was the highest at Cl 2 /N of 3-5; NDMA formation was the highest at Cl 2 /N of 5-7 in wastewater-impacted waters. Other tests at Cl 2 /N of 4.75 evaluated the impact of pH and temperature, with a 3 min prechlorination, which can result in some precursor abatement. At pH 7, NDMA formation increased with increasing temperature, whereas at pH 8 and 9, low temperature sometimes yielded higher NDMA formation because of lower precursor abatement during prechlorination and, thus, higher NDMA formation during postchloramination.

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“…ASR-aquifer storage and recovery, ClO 2 -chlorine dioxide, GAC-granulated activated carbon, MP-medium pressure, NDMA-N-nitrosodimethylamine, NF-nanofiltration, PAC-powdered activated carbon, RBF-riverbank filtration, RO-reverse osmosis, UV-ultraviolet a Percent NDMA precursor removal for chlorine, ClO 2 , and ozone is based on doses typically applied for Giardia inactivation ranging from 14 to 60 mg-min/L chlorine and 0.2-1.0 mg-min/L ozone per McCurry et al (2015) and from 4 to 20 mg-min/L ClO 2 per Shah et al (2012). NDMA precursor removal for UV is based on 186-1,000 mJ/cm 2 MP per McCurry et al (2015). b Schmidt et al 2006 c Krasner et al 2015d Sacher et al 2008e Shah et al 2012f McCurry et al 2015g Labernik et al 2010 h Percent removal for PAC doses ranging from 4 to 21 mg/L at two full-scale wastewater-affected plants .…”

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Practical Considerations for Implementing Nitrosamine Control Strategies

Russell¹,

Brown

Porter

et al. 2017

Journal AWWA

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The US Environmental Protection Agency included five nitrosamines, including N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), on the fourth Contaminant Candidate List, indicating its consideration of these contaminants for potential regulatory determination. If nitrosamines are regulated, affected water systems and regulators will need to consider simultaneous compliance, risk balancing, operational, and cost impacts of implementing control strategies. This study showed that site‐specific data are lacking on the source(s) of NDMA, hindering the ability of a water utility to identify optimal control strategies for their system. A framework is presented to guide water systems through initial steps to assess nitrosamine sources, control strategies, and unintended consequences as they plan for potential regulations.

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Determinants of disinfectant pretreatment efficacy for nitrosamine control in chloraminated drinking water

Cited by 49 publications

References 41 publications

Control of Nitrosamines, THMs, and HAAs in Heavily Impacted Water with O₃‐BAC

Control of Nitrosamines, THMs, and HAAs in Heavily Impacted Water with O₃‐BAC

Impact of Combined Chlorination and Chloramination Conditions onN‐Nitrosodimethylamine Formation

Practical Considerations for Implementing Nitrosamine Control Strategies

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Determinants of disinfectant pretreatment efficacy for nitrosamine control in chloraminated drinking water

Cited by 49 publications

References 41 publications

Control of Nitrosamines, THMs, and HAAs in Heavily Impacted Water with O3‐BAC

Control of Nitrosamines, THMs, and HAAs in Heavily Impacted Water with O3‐BAC

Impact of Combined Chlorination and Chloramination Conditions onN‐Nitrosodimethylamine Formation

Practical Considerations for Implementing Nitrosamine Control Strategies

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Product

Resources

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Control of Nitrosamines, THMs, and HAAs in Heavily Impacted Water with O₃‐BAC

Control of Nitrosamines, THMs, and HAAs in Heavily Impacted Water with O₃‐BAC