“…It is quite likely that cultural differences in survivors' interpretation of and response to surveillance, coercive control, and abuse may exist. Indeed, previous research suggests that traditional gender-role and religious beliefs may make it difficult for some survivors to recognize surveillance and coercive control as part of a pattern of violence (Choi, 2015;Do et al, 2013;Han et al, 2010;Shim & Nelson-Becker, 2009;Taft et al, 2008). Similarly, stigma surrounding IPA (Bridges et al, 2018;Frías, 2013;Kim-Goh & Baello, 2008;Lewis et al, 2005), help seeking (O'Neal & Beckman, 2017;Sabina et al, 2012;Shiu-Thornton et al, 2005), and divorce (Marrs Fuchsel et al, 2012;Morash et al, 2008) may make it difficult for some survivors to know how to respond to surveillance and coercive control when it does occur.…”