Determinants of children's exposure to pyrethroid insecticides in western France

The effect of sublethal concentrations of deltamethrin and alphacypermethrin on the fecundity and development of Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) eggs and larvae

“…Given the possibility of resistance in ticks, the use of sublethal acaricide doses, similar to those tested in this study, should be monitored and resistance management practices with integrated actions in tick control should be applied in the area of where the chemicals are used (Kunz and Kemp 1994;Ghosh et al 2006;Stafford et al 2017). In turn, reduced concentrations of acaricides introduced to tick habitats and/or applied to tick hosts increase the degree of environmental contamination and the negative effect on other organisms (Kunz and Kemp 1994;Soderlund et al 2002;Das and Mukherjee 2003;Antwi and Reddy 2015;Glorennec et al 2017). The use of a reduced amount of active substances in formulations has economic importance as well, as it lowers the high costs of the control of ticks and tickborne diseases (Ostfeld et al 2006;Stafford et al 2017).…”

Assessing exposure of young Australian children to toxicants in the home environment using a web-based questionnaire

“…Chapter Nine: Comparison between insecticide exposure-assessment questionnaire data and insecticide metabolite concentrations in urine frequency of hand-washing. Elsewhere, pest-product use at home has also been associated with increased concentrations of both organophosphate (389) but particularly pyrethroid (116,187,388) metabolites in children's urine, depending on the country, local regulations and therefore the insecticides commonly found in consumer pest-control products.…”

“…Insecticides that are applied in the domestic environment distribute to air and dust and are able to persist in the indoor environment (248,394). Ongoing exposure of young children to insecticides that have been used in the domestic environment occurs predominantly via dermal absorption and non-dietary ingestion of household dust (7,197,388).…”

“…We therefore presented summary results unadjusted and adjusted for creatinine and in the multivariable models creatinine was included as a covariate. Another limitation of the study was the small sample size, which meant that some variables, such as organic food consumption, which is known to be an important determinants of dietary insecticide exposure (388,(402)(403)(404)(405), could not be examined due to poor response distributions. Furthermore, some weak associations between exposure factors measured through the questionnaire and biomonitoring results may not have been detected and, conversely, some reported associations are likely to be spurious.…”

“…For the non-specific OP metabolite DMP consumption of bread, fruits, and vegetables was associated with urinary concentrations. Elsewhere, consumption of fruits or vegetables has been associated with OP and pyrethroid metabolite concentrations in urine from adults and children in several countries, including the US(185,188,193,387), Germany(116), Chile(189), France(388) and Spain(389).The positive association between concentrations of DMP with age may by explained by increasing dietary solid food intake that occurs following weaning. In addition, increased frequency of washing of fruits and vegetables prior to cooking or eating was associated with lower DMP concentrations.…”