“…For instance, Gemmell et al (2015) examined the impacts of GDP on changes in total government expenditure, alongside changes in the shares of spending devoted to various categories. While Nusron et al (2022) examined the impact of three predictor variables, namely: accountability, transparency, and oversight on-budget performance. Similarly, Pramudiati et al (2023) concluded that the better the accountability, transparency and supervision, the better of budget performance based on the findings that accountability, transparency, and supervision positively influence the performance of the value for money concept budget.…”