Background: Detecting nestedness distribution and understanding their origin are important for biological conservation. Although previous studies on nestedness covered a wide range of taxa, discrepancies still exist on the prevalence of nestedness among biotas, and on the mechanisms to form nested distribution. Because bryophytes are poikilohydric, highly sensitive to habitats, and have a long-distance dispersal capacity, together with the fact that continental islands highly varied in area, elevation and habitat types, bryophytes on continental archipelago are thus an ideal system for the settlement of relevant disputes on nested distribution. However, few studies have been conducted on nestedness of bryophytes. To quantify nestedness level of different bryophyte categories on continental islands and possible mechanisms, we complied a presence/absence matrix of 446 species of bryophytes in 66 islands of the Zhoushan Archipelago, China. We also recorded spore sizes of 319 moss species based on available literature. By using the matrix temperature and the NODF metrics, as well as a conservative null model, we evaluated the nestedness levels of 18 bryophyte categories. We further explored possible mechanisms to form nested distribution by using partial Spearman rank correlations based on island area, elevation, habitat types and spore size of moss species.
Results : We found that all 18 categories of bryophytes exhibited a high degree of nestedness. Nestedness level was higher for mosses than liverworts, higher for acrocarpous mosses than pleurocarpous mosses,and varied among different bryophyte 13 families. The nested distribution of bryophytes in the archipelago was not due to passive sampling, but mainly due to nested habitats and selective-extinction. Spore size might be a factor linked to selective-colonization accounting for nestedness of some moss categories.
Conclusions : Nested habitats, selective-extinction, and partial selective-colonization resulted in a high level of nestedness for bryophytes in continental islands. Although the nestedness of bryophyte distribution in the Zhoushan Archipelago was statistically significant, such a nestedness was not perfect. Conservation of bryophytes should not only focus on the species-richest islands.