Determinants and Dynamics of Forced Migration to Europe: Evidence from a 3-D Model of Flows and Stocks

Perceived Forcedness and Perils of Migration - Development and Validation of a Questionnaire for Migrants in Receiving Countries

“…Generally, forced migration is defined as a "migratory movement which, although the drivers can be diverse, involves force, compulsion, or coercion" (International Organization for Migration, 2019, p. 77). Examples of objective push factors, that may lead to subjective forcedness experiences in migrants, are war, political instability, poor economic conditions, or environmental disasters (Brück et al, 2018;Castelli, 2018;Neumayer, 2005).…”

South-South refugee movements: Do pull factors play a role?

“…Pull factors are largely absent from much of the existing literature on forced migration, which has centred on one specific set of push factors, namely the various forms of violent conflict that occur in countries of origin (Brück et al 2018). There is indeed ample evidence showing that migration by refugees and asylum seekers depends strongly on political factors such as conflict and civil war in their home countries (e.g.…”

“…Several other studies do consider the impact of pull factors on forced migration but focus on OECD destinations where refugees seek asylum (e.g. Brück et al 2018;Hatton 2016;Kang 2021;Neumayer 2005). Brück et al (2018) distinguish a "localist" and a "rationalist" model of refugee migration.…”

“…Brück et al 2018;Hatton 2016;Kang 2021;Neumayer 2005). Brück et al (2018) distinguish a "localist" and a "rationalist" model of refugee migration. The localist model suggests that violence is the predominant push factor and the safety and proximity of the destination the predominant pull factor.…”

“…Under the rationalist model, additional factors, such as economic opportunities in the destination country, might enter the individual's migration decision, bringing it closer to the cost-benefit considerations of voluntary migrants predicted by the standard push-pull model. Brück et al (2018) point to network effects and the employment rate in the destination country as key pull factors that reach beyond the localist model. Hatton (2016), Kang (2021) and Neumayer (2005) also report pull factors including incomes and diasporas at destination to be significant determinants of asylum seeking in OECD and EU countries, respectively.…”