Determinantes del salario en Chile. Un análisis desde el paradigma de la reproducción social

Abstract

ResumenFrente al paradigma económico neoclásico, hegemónico en la explicación del salario, se presenta el paradigma sociológico de la Reproducción Social, a partir de la obra de Pierre Bourdieu, para dar cuenta de la diferencia salarial en Chile. Después de exponer y comparar ambos paradigmas teóricos, se describe el caso de estudio, destacando las peculiaridades del modelo neoliberal chileno. Para comparar la capacidad explicativa de ambos enfoques, se estima el salario de los chilenos mediante la encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional 2009 (CASEN) a partir de dos modelos estadísticos, el modelo neoclásico basado en las ecuaciones de Mincer y un modelo que trata de capturar empíricamente los factores explicativos propios del paradigma de la Reproducción Social. Los resultados indican que, en el caso de Chile, el modelo Reproductivo tiene mayor capacidad explicativa que el Neoclásico, tanto para el conjunto de los asalariados, como para cada una de las generaciones que lo componen. PalabRas ClaveBourdieu; Modelo Reproductivo; Sociología económica; Teoría Neoclásica. abstRaCtWe use the sociological paradigm of Social Reproduction, proposed by the work of Pierre Bourdieu, to explain the wage gap in Chile, in opposition to the Neoclassical economic paradigm, currently hegemonic in the analysis of wage differentials. We expose and compare both theoretical paradigms and describe the case study highlighting the peculiarities of the Chilean neoliberal model. We estimate the salary of the Chilean population in order to explain the explanatory capacity of both theoretical approaches. We estimate two statistical models using the National Socioeconomic Characterization survey (CASEN 2009), firstly, the Neoclassical model based on Mincer equations and, secondly, a model that tries to empirically capture the explanatory factors specific to the paradigm of Social Reproduction. The results indicate that, in the case of Chile, the Reproductive model has greater explanatory power than the Neoclassical model, both for the whole group of workers, and for each of the generations of this group.

¿Cómo afecta el desempleo regional a los salarios en el área urbana? Una curva de salarios para Perú (2012-2019)

“…Para responder a esta pregunta, se han planteado una serie de marcos teóricos que buscan explicar la relación negativa entre desempleo local y salarios. Asimismo, el paradigma de la reproducción social (Bordieu, 2001;Rodrigo, 2015) 3 pone énfasis en las variables extraeconómicas que explican los salarios. Sin desmedro de este, se puede arribar a una conclusión teórica un poco más general: los salarios no solo dependen de las variables individuales, sino también de las que el trabajador no tiene control, los factores externos, como el desempleo, por ejemplo.…”

Social Mobility in Chilean Youth and Their Parents: A Generational Analysis from the Perspective of Social Reproduction

“…The present work can be considered an extension of Rodrigo’s (2015) study for the case of Chile, in which a model of analysis based on the social reproduction paradigm and especially on the theories of Bourdieu (1998; 2001; 2003) was proposed. “Social position” is here understood as location in the social structures of domination, especially within socioeconomic (social class), sociocultural (gender, race/ethnicity), and spatial (center-periphery) relationships.…”

“…Chilean society today is characterized by deep socioeconomic inequality 8 and a politically neoliberal model (Mayol, 2012; Mayol, Azócar, and Azócar, 2013; Moulian, 2002). During the military dictatorship (1973–1990) Chile suffered a drastic reduction in the size of the state and its areas of intervention, a process that has only partially been reversed (Rodrigo, 2015). The result of this neoliberal project, according to Harvey (2005: 16), following Duménil and Levin, was the restoration of class power.…”

“…However, so far there has been little clarity regarding the lower social determination of Chilean youth. Previous results have been explained in terms of either the human-capital (Núñez and Risco, 2004; Sapelli, 2009; 2016) or the life-cycle (Rodrigo, 2015) hypothesis. The human-capital hypothesis is that younger Chileans enjoy greater access to higher education, a condition that will not only facilitate greater intergenerational social mobility but also bring about a permanent change in the structure of opportunities within the country.…”

“…Various studies on Chile have shown that the income and therefore the socioeconomic status of a younger generation of workers are less determined by social characteristics such as social class of origin, gender, spatial position, and ethnicity than those of previous generations (Núñez and Miranda, 2007; Núñez and Risco, 2004; Rodrigo, 2015; Sapelli, 2009). This would suggest that we are at the onset of a period of greater social fluidity in a society that has historically been characterized by rigidity (Espinoza, Barozet, and Méndez, 2011; Espinoza and Núñez, 2014; Salazar and Pinto, 1999a; 1999b; 2002).…”