Deterioration of Travertine Samples Due to Magnesium Sulfate Crystallization Pressure: Examples from Iran

Zalooli, Ahmad; Khamehchiyan, Mashalah; Nikudel, Mohammad Reza; Jamshidi, Amin

doi:10.1007/s10706-016-0120-9

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Furthermore, in Table 3 the statistical treatment presented shows significant differences between the studied onyx-travertine. Because, for all the parameters tested, the values of the experimental F test are greater than the critical F value, this confirms that these stones are very heterogeneous, as previously reported by other authors [30,56]. On the other hand, according to the ASTM C1527/C1527M-1 [57] standard test method, the studied travertine samples meet the specifications for being used as architectural/construction material since they do not exceed 2.5% water absorption, therefore guaranteeing their quality.…”

Section: Petrophysical Descriptionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…These studies also reveal that onyx-travertines offer greater durability, since they present greater resistance to the salt crystallization pressure, having higher effective porosity and mechanical properties [28]. Alveolar and granular disintegration due to salt crystallization pressure were also observed, but there was no significant loss of integrity [29,30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The quantification of physico-mechanical properties and durability of onyx-travertines from Santa Ana de los Ríos de Cuenca, Ecuador

et al. 2022

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In this study, physico-mechanical properties and durability of 4 onyx-travertines from Sinincay (Ecuador) were investigated. These onyx-travertines are commonly used for decorative purposes in buildings in the Historic Center of Santa Ana de los Ríos de Cuenca. The aim of this work was to characterize these stones and determine the variation of their physico-mechanical properties, such as mass loss and water absorption, after being subjected to four durability tests: salt crystallization (S-C), freeze–thaw (F-T), thermal shock (T-S) and acid attack (A-A). In addition, Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) analyses were carried out to record weathering patterns and understand the deterioration mechanism. Results show that these stones’ sedimentary structure is stratified. Two specimens exhibit geometrical features consistent with porous laminated facies and the remaining two have slightly porous cryptolaminated ones. Facies’ structure orientation is also found to determine mechanical strength, exhibiting the normal to lamination orientation the lowest value. As for durability, the statistical interpretation of the results suggests that the level of severity of each test follows S-C > F–T > A-A > T-S. In addition, laminated facies are more vulnerable to accelerated aging tests. Impact of S-C, F–T and T-S tests is mainly explained by differences in porosity and damage produced by A-A is related to the available effective area for the reaction to take place. Thus, the onyx-travertine is more than a wonderful material, it represents an interesting case study for development of future research on heritage stone in Ecuador and the world by employing normalized tests that are rarely used or published.

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Section: Petrophysical Descriptionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The quantification of physico-mechanical properties and durability of onyx-travertines from Santa Ana de los Ríos de Cuenca, Ecuador

et al. 2022

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“…Spanish building stones have been quarried in Albox and Alhama de Almería (Almería province, SE of Spain). They are compared with the Turkish travertine, widely marked in Spain and aesthetically similar to white Classic Roman Travertine (Garcia-del-Cura et al 2012;Zalooli et al 2017). The extracted tufas and travertines from the different quarries present different types of the facies described above.…”

Section: Stone Typesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Previous studies have shown travertine is a relative dura-ble stone (Yavuz and Topal 2007;Yu and Oguchi 2010;Török and Vasarhelyi 2010;Akin and Özsan 2011;Zalooli et al 2017), although few studies have been performed on carbonate tufas. In outdoor environments, they can undergo significant physical weathering due to salt crystallisation, freeze-thaw and/or thermal shock action, depending on the regional climate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of salt and frost weathering on the physical and durability properties of travertines and carbonate tufas used as building material

et al. 2018

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This study aims to understand the effect of salt and frost crystallisation on the petrophysical and durability properties of representative types of travertine and carbonate tufas. Results demonstrate that the studied travertines and tufas exhibit a very high durability against salt and ice crystallisation cycles, compared to carbonates rocks with similar porosity values. The variation of the loss of mass, effective porosity, capillary absorption coefficient, ultrasonic wave velocity and attenuation, and compressive strength was scarce during weathering tests. The evolution of petrophysical properties was slightly more intense after 30 cycles of salt crystallisation than 100 cycles of freeze-thaw. Petrophysical and durability properties of the travertines and carbonate tufas depend on porosity fraction and on the manner in which the vuggy porosity is connected. In the travertine facies, vuggy macropores show little connection and can be considered as separate-vug porosity. Their addition to interparticle porosity increases effective porosity and reduces their mechanical strength but does not significantly increase capillary transport and the effectiveness of salt and ice action over the stone. On the contrary, in the carbonate tufas, vugs act as touching-vug pores, as capillary imbibition coefficients reveal. However, scanning electron microscopy displays that they underwent microcracking processes related mainly to both thermal stresses and/or ice and salt pressures. These microcracks present little connection, and they do not enhance noticeably the water flow or decrease the mechanical properties. These results are finally discussed in terms of a nonlinear decay pattern, which with long periods of apparent stability might be followed by rapid and catastrophic decay.

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“…The crystallization of salts in a confined space (pore) occurs when a saline solution reaches supersaturation and the thermodynamic properties of the system are adequate for nucleation of the salt crystals (Gómez-Heras and Fort 2007;Flatt and Scherer 2008;Benavente et al 2015). The growth of a salt crystal within the pore space of the stone will eventually lead to its microcracking and decay over time (Benavente et al 2004(Benavente et al , 2007Angeli et al 2007;Zalooli et al 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial microcracking of granites subjected to salt crystallization aging test

Zalooli

Khamehchiyan

Nikudel

et al. 2020

Bull Eng Geol Environ

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Salt crystallization-induced decay of Vardavard granodiorite and Shirkouh monzogranite, two Iranian building stones, were assessed with two non-destructive methods: saturation-buoyancy technique and P-and S-wave velocity measurement. Moreover, polarized and fluorescence microscopy studies were used to evaluate the behavior of the studied stones at microscopic scale against a salt crystallization aging test. The aging test extended pre-existing microcracks and generated new ones. Intracrystalline microcracking was the most predominant microcrack type for both samples. Fine-grained Vardavard granodiorite experienced higher intercrystalline microcracking than coarse-grained Shirkouh monzogranite. The microcracking mechanism of feldspars substantially depends on their alteration degree and microstructural precursors. When a growing microcrack reaches a biotite, it propagates within the crystal if the growing microcrack coincides with the cleavage plane; otherwise, it propagates as an intercrystalline one. The increase in maximum microcrack length of the samples was higher than the increase in their mean microcrack length. Low-strength Vardavard granodiorite showed higher microcrack width after the aging test. Dry weight loss in low-strength Vardavard granodiorite was more pronounced than in high-strength Shirkouh monzogranite. Dry unit weight decreased at a higher rate than saturated unit weight with the increase of effective porosity. The reduction in ultrasonic wave velocities and the increment in effective porosity and water absorption were more pronounced for Vardavard granodiorite, indicating a higher degree of decay, i.e., higher microcrack generation, enlargement, and widening. Shirkouh monzogranite, which has large-sized crystals and pores, wider initial microcracks, high tensile strength, and low effective porosity and microcrack density, was more durable than Vardavard granodiorite.

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Deterioration of Travertine Samples Due to Magnesium Sulfate Crystallization Pressure: Examples from Iran

Cited by 19 publications

References 31 publications

The quantification of physico-mechanical properties and durability of onyx-travertines from Santa Ana de los Ríos de Cuenca, Ecuador

The quantification of physico-mechanical properties and durability of onyx-travertines from Santa Ana de los Ríos de Cuenca, Ecuador

Impact of salt and frost weathering on the physical and durability properties of travertines and carbonate tufas used as building material

Artificial microcracking of granites subjected to salt crystallization aging test

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