Deterioration of polyethylene pipes exposed to water containing chlorine dioxide

Yu, Wenbin; Azhdar, Bruska; Andersson, Daniel; Reitberger, Torbjörn; Hassinen, Jukka; Hjertberg, Thomas; Gedde, Ulf W.

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.02.009

Cited by 71 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In the last two decades however, it was discovered that the water disinfectants do not only destroy the organic substances in water by oxidizing processes (among which radical processes play a key role), but also consume the stabilizing function of phenolic antioxidants and initiate a radical chain oxidation of the polymer matrix in the inner wall of pipes, thus leading to a significant reduction the pipe lifetime. These deleterious effects are especially pronounced when chlorine dioxide is used as a disinfectant [12][13][14], but measurable effects were also evidenced in the case of chlorine and bleach [15][16][17][18][19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A kinetic model for predicting the oxidative degradation of additive free polyethylene in bleach desinfected water

Mikdam

Colin

Minard

et al. 2017

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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is an open access repository that collects the work of Arts et Métiers ParisTech researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible. A B S T R A C TThe chemical interactions between additive free PE and bleach were investigated by FTIR spectrophotometry and viscosimetry in molten state after immersion (for a maximum duration of one hundred days) in bleach solutions maintained at a temperature of 60°C, a free chlorine concentration of 100 ppm, and a pH = 4, 5 or 7. It was found that the polymer undergoes a severe oxidation from the earliest days of exposure in a superficial layer of about 50-100 μm thick, almost independent of the pH value. In this layer, oxidation leads to the formation and accumulation of various carbonyl products (mostly ketones and carboxylic acids) but also, after about 2-3 weeks of exposure, to a dramatic decrease in the average molar mass due to the large predominance of chain scissions over crosslinking. It was also found that the oxidation rate is maximum at pH = 5, and of the same order of magnitude at pH = 4 and 7. Based on the equilibrium diagram giving access to the relative predominance of the three main chemical species as a function of the pH value of the bleach solution, it was assumed that oxidation is initiated by radical species coming firstly from hypochlorous acid (ClOH) and secondarily from chlorine (Cl 2 ), given that hypochlorite ions (ClO − ) are totally insoluble into the PE matrix. In addition, for explaining the surprisingly large value of the oxidized layer thickness despite the high reactivity of the involved radicals, it was assumed that ClOH and Cl 2 do not decompose into radicals in the water phase, but migrate deeply into the PE matrix prior to dissociating into Cl% and HO% radicals and then, initiating a radical chain oxidation. The validity of the kinetic model derived from this scenario was successfully checked by comparing the numerical simulations with all the experimental data collected in this study. This model predicts the general trends of the oxidation kinetics and its dependence on the pH value, but also gives access to the transport properties of the chlorinated disinfectants and their radical species, and the rate constants of the radical attack.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A kinetic model for predicting the oxidative degradation of additive free polyethylene in bleach desinfected water

Mikdam

Colin

Minard

et al. 2017

Polymer Degradation and Stability

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…A widely used disinfectant to treat both drinking water and waste water is chlorine because of its strong oxidising effect, widespread availability, and storability [4]. However, from previous studies it is evident that the chlorinated water has the potential to initiate the degradation of polyolefins [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The loss of AO activity which can be the result of either extraction into the inner medium or chemical consumption by reaction with various active species formed in the ageing medium is a prevalent step during ageing [5]. Subsequently the polymer undergoes chain scission which then leads to a loss in mechanical strength and ultimately a reduction in the life time of pipes as shown for PE pipes exposed to chlorinated water [6,8,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring the effect of chlorine on the ageing of polypropylene pipes by infrared microscopy

Damodaran¹,

Schuster²,

Rode³

et al. 2015

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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“…Water pipes made of PE-HD are exposed to adverse environmental conditions, both at the production and their later use in construction. Polyethylene pipes exposure to UV radiation, high temperature, mechanical stress, oxidative compounds used for water disinfection can lead to damage and degradation of pipes' material and release of organic compounds form the material of water pipes [2][3][4]. Effect of external factors on the polymer can lead to breakage of polymer chain and the simultaneous formation of two free radicals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The melting point of BHT is about 70 o C, solubility in the water 0.611 g/m 3 (at 20-25°C), and its density 1.03 g/cm 3 . According to Directive 67/548/EWG on the classification of dangerous chemicals, BHT is flammable, toxic and irritant compound.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application Of Numerical Modeling In Quantitative Assessment Of BHT Dispersion In PE-HD Pipes

Musz

Kowalska

2015

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S

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PE-HD water pipes are exposed to adverse environmental conditions, both during production and their subsequent use in the civil engineering. Several organic compounds migrating into water may lead to deterioration of water quality, especially its taste and odour. Commonly used antioxidant BHT and its products of degradation are leached into water as a result of degradation of the PE-HD pipes material. This paper presents the results of laboratory tests of BHT concentration changes in water circulating in the PE-HD close loop pipe of 30 m length as well as of numerical studies based on data obtained by the laboratory measurements. Numerical calculations were performed using the commercial software Fluent, Ansys Inc., based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) principles. The analysis of water samples confirmed the migration of the antioxidant from the pipe material into the water. The results of numerical analysis gave good agreement with the measured values.

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Deterioration of polyethylene pipes exposed to water containing chlorine dioxide

Cited by 71 publications

References 31 publications

A kinetic model for predicting the oxidative degradation of additive free polyethylene in bleach desinfected water

A kinetic model for predicting the oxidative degradation of additive free polyethylene in bleach desinfected water

Monitoring the effect of chlorine on the ageing of polypropylene pipes by infrared microscopy

Application Of Numerical Modeling In Quantitative Assessment Of BHT Dispersion In PE-HD Pipes

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