Deterioration of perennial sea ice in the Beaufort Gyre from 2003 to 2012 and its impact on the oceanic freshwater cycle

Krishfield, Richard A.; Proshutinsky, Andrey; Tateyama, Kazuyoshi; Williams, William J.; Carmack, Eddy C.; McLaughlin, Fiona A.; Timmermans, Mary‐Louise

doi:10.1002/2013jc008999

Cited by 192 publications

(264 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(100 reference statements)

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“…The increasing distance between the depth at which light is still sufficient for photosynthesis and the nitracline will continue to accelerate under a changing climate regime (Yamamoto-Kawai et al, 2008;McLaughlin and Carmack, 2010;Krishfield et al, 2014), which could drive both the surface and SCM layers to become more nutrient-limited. Such an effect has already been reported for the Canada Basin with an increase in smaller phytoplankton and lower nitrate levels in the upper 200 m (Li et al, 2009).…”

Section: Interannual Microzooplankton and The Changing Arcticmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal and Interannual Changes in Ciliate and Dinoflagellate Species Assemblages in the Arctic Ocean (Amundsen Gulf, Beaufort Sea, Canada)

et al. 2017

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Recent studies have focused on how climate change could drive changes in phytoplankton communities in the Arctic. In contrast, ciliates and dinoflagellates that can contribute substantially to the mortality of phytoplankton have received less attention. Some dinoflagellate and ciliate species can also contribute to net photosynthesis, which suggests that species composition could reflect food web complexity. To identify potential seasonal and annual species occurrence patterns and to link species with environmental conditions, we first examined the seasonal pattern of microzooplankton and then performed an in-depth analysis of interannual species variability. We used high-throughput amplicon sequencing to identify ciliates and dinoflagellates to the lowest taxonomic level using a curated Arctic 18S rRNA gene database. DNA-and RNA-derived reads were generated from samples collected from the Canadian Arctic from November 2007 to July 2008. The proportion of ciliate reads increased in the surface toward summer, when salinity was lower and smaller phytoplankton prey were abundant, while chloroplastidic dinoflagellate species increased at the subsurface chlorophyll maxima (SCM), where inorganic nutrient concentrations were higher. Comparing communities collected in summer and fall from 2003 to 2010, we found that microzooplankton community composition change was associated with the record ice minimum in the summer of 2007. Specifically, reads from smaller predatory species like Laboea, Monodinium, and Strombidium and several unclassified ciliates increased in the summer after 2007, while the other usually summer-dominant dinoflagellate taxa decreased. The ability to exploit smaller prey, which are predicted to dominate the future Arctic, could be an advantage for these smaller ciliates in the wake of the changing climate.

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Section: Interannual Microzooplankton and The Changing Arcticmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal and Interannual Changes in Ciliate and Dinoflagellate Species Assemblages in the Arctic Ocean (Amundsen Gulf, Beaufort Sea, Canada)

et al. 2017

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“…There are in to- lect year-round time series measurements of the sea ice draft distribution (into 0.1 m bins) at daily frequency. These data are processed to filter out wave action in the summer months that may lead to the removal of thin draft measurements (Krishfield et al, 2014). This can be problematic if the model estimates are lower than the observed values.…”

Section: Validation Against Independent Observations Of Sit and Sea Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Benefits of assimilating thin sea ice thickness from SMOS into the TOPAZ system

Xie¹,

Counillon²,

Bertino³

et al. 2016

The Cryosphere

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Abstract. An observation product for thin sea ice thickness (SMOS-Ice) is derived from the brightness temperature data of the European Space Agency's (ESA) Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission. This product is available in near-real time, at daily frequency, during the cold season. In this study, we investigate the benefit of assimilating SMOS-Ice into the TOPAZ coupled ocean and sea ice forecasting system, which is the Arctic component of the Copernicus marine environment monitoring services. The TOPAZ system assimilates sea surface temperature (SST), altimetry data, temperature and salinity profiles, ice concentration, and ice drift with the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). The conditions for assimilation of sea ice thickness thinner than 0.4 m are favorable, as observations are reliable below this threshold and their probability distribution is comparable to that of the model. Two parallel Observing System Experiments (OSE) have been performed in March and November 2014, in which the thicknesses from SMOS-Ice (thinner than 0.4 m) are assimilated in addition to the standard observational data sets. It is found that the root mean square difference (RMSD) of thin sea ice thickness is reduced by 11 % in March and 22 % in November compared to the daily thin ice thicknesses of SMOS-Ice, which suggests that SMOS-Ice has a larger impact during the beginning of the cold season. Validation against independent observations of ice thickness from buoys and ice draft from moorings indicates that there are no degradations in the pack ice but there are some improvements near the ice edge close to where the SMOS-Ice has been assimilated. Assimilation of SMOS-Ice yields a slight improvement for ice concentration and degrades neither SST nor sea level anomaly. Analysis of the degrees of freedom for signal (DFS) indicates that the SMOS-Ice has a comparatively small impact but it has a significant contribution in constraining the system (> 20 % of the impact of all ice and ocean observations) near the ice edge. The areas of largest impact are the Kara Sea, Canadian Archipelago, Baffin Bay, Beaufort Sea and Greenland Sea. This study suggests that the SMOS-Ice is a good complementary data set that can be safely included in the TOPAZ system.

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“…Lagrangian tracking of key variables that influence the survivability and conditions of the sea ice will help quantify the effects of these changing regimes on ice conditions. This is particularly of interest in regions such as the Beaufort Sea, which has become a sink for ice in the summer [3][4][5] and is of economic and political interest [6]. The database presented herein contains weekly sea ice parcel locations combined with ancillary dynamic and thermodynamic datasets spanning from the start of 2001 to the end of 2016.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Database of Weekly Sea Ice Parcel Tracks Derived from Lagrangian Motion Data with Ancillary Data Products

Tooth

Tschudi

2017

Data

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Abstract:Arctic sea ice has been on the decline over the past several decades, and multi-year sea ice has decreased significantly in its areal share of the overall sea ice cover. Changes in several key variables such as radiative balances, albedo, ice surface temperature, and ice thickness have driven much of the decline, but the motion of sea ice makes studying the effects of these variables on individual parcels difficult. Previous studies have observed changes in the means of these variables and their impacts on sea ice concentration, but an accessible database of Lagrangian tracked data is not yet available for study. In order to address this, a database has been developed at the University of Colorado Boulder that performs Lagrangian tracking on individual sea ice parcels and saves coincident ancillary thermodynamic and dynamic variables for each parcel on a weekly timescale.Data Set: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.871925 Data Set License: CC-BYKeywords: sea ice; data descriptor; climate; Lagrangian tracking; cryosphere; EASE-Grid SummaryAs the Arctic continues to transition toward an ice-free summer, stakeholders in the region will benefit from a greater understanding of the variables that drive the loss of sea ice in the region. Multi-year sea ice is of particular interest in studying changes in the Arctic, as it is typically thicker and stronger than younger sea ice floes, and is more likely to survive the summer melt season. The decline of overall ice extent in the Arctic has corresponded with a significant drop in the percent areal share of multi-year sea ice floes, which has weakened the Arctic ice against future climate forcing [1,2]. Further investigation of the variables that influence these changes is necessary in order to better forecast the melting of Arctic sea ice, and to quantify the conditions of the remaining ice.The near-continual movement of most sea ice parcels in the Arctic exposes them to different regimes and climate conditions throughout a given year. This creates a need to better quantify how the ice responds to the variable conditions it encounters in order to improve forecasts and to better understand the changing ice conditions in specific regions. Lagrangian tracking of key variables that influence the survivability and conditions of the sea ice will help quantify the effects of these changing regimes on ice conditions. This is particularly of interest in regions such as the Beaufort Sea, which has become a sink for ice in the summer [3][4][5] and is of economic and political interest [6]. The database presented herein contains weekly sea ice parcel locations combined with ancillary dynamic and thermodynamic datasets spanning from the start of 2001 to the end of 2016. The data provide an avenue to study the changes occurring in the Arctic sea ice through a Lagrangian tracking approach that provides histories of individual 12.5 km sea ice parcels during the years of study. It has been created to provide a comprehensive set of data that will assist in studying sea ice changes in ...

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Deterioration of perennial sea ice in the Beaufort Gyre from 2003 to 2012 and its impact on the oceanic freshwater cycle

Cited by 192 publications

References 59 publications

Seasonal and Interannual Changes in Ciliate and Dinoflagellate Species Assemblages in the Arctic Ocean (Amundsen Gulf, Beaufort Sea, Canada)

Seasonal and Interannual Changes in Ciliate and Dinoflagellate Species Assemblages in the Arctic Ocean (Amundsen Gulf, Beaufort Sea, Canada)

Benefits of assimilating thin sea ice thickness from SMOS into the TOPAZ system

A Database of Weekly Sea Ice Parcel Tracks Derived from Lagrangian Motion Data with Ancillary Data Products

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