Detectores monolíticos y sensores compatibles con altos campos magnéticos para tomografía por emisión de positrones

Abstract

This thesis is focused on the development of experimental activities used to deepen the knowledge of monolithic detector blocks as an alternative to segmented detectors for Positron Emission Tomography (PET). It includes the development, characterization, setting up, running and evaluation of PET demonstrator prototypes with monolithic detector blocks of Cerium-doped Lutetium Yttrium Orthosilicate (LYSO:Ce) using magnetically compatible sensors such as Avalanche Photodiodes (APDs) and Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs).The prototypes implemented with APDs were constructed to validate the viability of a high-sensitivity PET prototype that had previously been simulated, denominated BrainPET. This work describes and characterizes the integrated front-end electronics used in these prototypes, as well as the electronic readout system developed especially for them. It shows the experimental set-ups to obtain the tomographic PET images and to train neural networks algorithms used for position estimation of photons impinging on the surface of monolithic blocks.Using the BrainPET prototype, satisfactory energy resolution (13 % FWHM), spatial precision of monolithic blocks (~ 2 mm FWHM) and spatial resolution of the PET image (1.5 -1.7 mm FWHM) in the center of the Field of View (FoV) were obtained. Moreover, we proved the imaging capabilities of this demonstrator with extended sources, considering the acquisition of two simultaneous sources of 1 mm diameter placed at known distances. However, some important limitations were also detected with the BrainPET prototype. In the first place, it was confirmed that there was a lack of flexibility working with an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) whose electronic design was not own but commercial, along with the high cost required to modify an ASIC design with such features. Furthermore, the final characterization of the BrainPET ASIC showed a timing resolution with room for improvement (~ 13 ns FWHM).Taking into consideration the limitations obtained with the BrainPET prototype, along with the technological evolution in magnetically compatible devices, the knowledge acquired with the monolithic blocks were transferred to the new technology iv available, the SiPMs. Moreover, we opted for a new strategy in the front-end electronics, the FlexToT ASIC, an own design ASIC based on a Time over Threshold (ToT) scheme. One of the most interesting features underlying a ToT architecture is the encoding of the analog input signal amplitude information into the duration of the output signals, delivering directly digital pulses. The electronic architecture helps substitute the Analog to Digital Converters (ADCs) for Time to Digital Converters (TDCs), and they are easily implemented in Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA), reducing the consumption and the complexity of the design.A new prototype demonstrator based on SiPMs was implemented to validate the FlexToT ASIC for monolithic or segmented blocks. The design and characterization of the necessary front-end electronic to read-ou...