Detection Theory

Hautus, Michael J.; Macmillan, Neil A.; Creelman, C. Douglas

doi:10.4324/9781003203636

Cited by 77 publications

(95 citation statements)

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“…To quantify the listener sensitivity to infant-directedness in speech and song, and to quantify their response biases, we computed the metrics of d ′ and c ( criterion ) over the stimuli. These quantities were calculated with standard techniques from signal detection theory 113 .…”

Section: Supplementary Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acoustic regularities in infant-directed speech and song across cultures

Hilton

Moser

Bertolo

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Humans often produce vocalizations for infants that differ from vocalizations for adults. Is this property common across societies? The forms of infant-directed vocalizations may be shaped by their function in parent-infant communication. If so, infant-directed song and speech should be differentiable from adult-directed song and speech on the basis of their acoustic features, and this property should be relatively invariant across cultures. To test this hypothesis, we built a corpus of 1,614 recordings of infant-and adult-directed singing and speech produced by 411 people living in 21 urban, rural, and small-scale societies. We studied the corpus in a massive online experiment and in a series of acoustic analyses. Naïve listeners (N = 13,218) reliably identified infant-directed vocalizations as infant-directed, and adult-directed speech (but not songs) as adult-directed, at rates far higher than chance. Ratings of infant-directed song were the most accurate and the most consistent across all societies; infant-directed speech was accurately identified on average, but inconsistently across societies. To determine the mechanisms underlying these results, we extracted many acoustic features from each recording and identified those that most reliably characterize infant-directed song and speech across cultures, via preregistered exploratory-confirmatory analyses and machine classification. The features distinguishing infant-and adult-directed song and speech concerned pitch, rhythmic, phonetic, and timbral attributes; a hypothesis-free classifier with cross-validation across societies reliably identified all vocalization types, with highest accuracy for infant-directed song. Last, we isolated 12 acoustic features that were predictive of perceived infant-directedness; of these, two pitch attributes (median F0 and its variability) were by far the most explanatory. These findings demonstrate cross-cultural regularities in infant-directed vocalizations that are suggestive of universality; moreover, infant-directed song appears to be more cross-culturally stereotyped than infant-directed speech, informing hypotheses of the functions and evolution of both.The forms of many animal signals are shaped by their functions, a link arising from production-and reception-2 related rules that help to maintain reliable signal detection within and across species 1-6 . This is especially 3 true of vocal signals, where form-function links have been demonstrated across many species, including 4 nonhuman primates 3 , meerkats 7 , grackles 8 , frogs 9 , and fish 10 . 5The link between form and function in vocalizations is also evident from listeners' behavior. For example, 6 humans 11 , red deer 12 , and canines 13 reliably detect the intentions of heterospecific signalers on the basis of 7 the sounds of their signals. A classic demonstration of this fact is the ability of some species to eavesdrop 8 on the alarm signals of other species, whether or not their own species has an extended vocal repertoire 14,15 . 9 In humans, an area of...

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Section: Supplementary Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acoustic regularities in infant-directed speech and song across cultures

Hilton

Moser

Bertolo

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…We additionally derived d-prime (d′) and criterion (c) from signal detection theory [ 32 , 33 ] to examine discriminability of the targets and any bias in their responses, respectively. Specifically, the number of hits and false alarms for fearful faces were calculated for each participant.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Spatial Attention Focus and Visual Awareness on the Processing of Fearful Faces: An ERP Study

2022

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Previous research on the relationship between attention and emotion processing have focused essentially on consciously-viewed, supraliminal stimuli, while the attention-emotion interplay remains unexplored in situations where visual awareness is restricted. Here, we presented participants with face pairs in a backward masking paradigm and examined the electrophysiological activity in response to fearful and neutral expressions under different conditions of attention (spatially attended vs. unattended) and stimulus visibility (subliminal vs. supraliminal). We found an enhanced N2 (visual awareness negativity -VAN-) and an enhanced P3 for supraliminal compared to subliminal faces. The VAN, indexing the early perceptual awareness, was enhanced when the faces were spatially attended compared to when they were unattended, showing that the VAN does not require spatial attention focus but can be enhanced by it. Fearful relative to neutral expressions enhanced the early neural activity (N2) regardless of spatial attention but only in the supraliminal viewing condition. However, fear-related enhancements on later neural activity (P3) were found when stimuli were both attended and presented supraliminally. These findings suggest that visual awareness is needed for emotion processing during both early and late stages. Spatial attention is required for emotion processing at the later stage but not at the early stage.

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“…To compute this null distribution, we sampled 50 runs of split groups (same number of repeats as the actual split groups) from the set of repeats for all stimulus sequences; in addition, the responses for each repeat were randomly flipped in time (i.e., reversed) or in sign, breaking any possible co-variation across time among repeats. For each combination of LC type and stimulus, we computed the sensitivity d I [68] between the actual R 2 distribution and the null R 2 distribution. We designated a threshold d I > 1 to indicate that an LC was responsive for a given stimulus sequence (i.e., we had a reliable estimate of the repeat-averaged response).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

One-to-one mapping between deep network units and real neurons uncovers a visual population code for social behavior

Cowley

Calhoun

Rangarajan

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The rich variety of behaviors observed in animals arises through the complex interplay between sensory processing and motor control [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. To understand these sensorimotor transformations, it is useful to build models that predict not only neural responses to sensory input [6, 7, 8, 9, 10] but also how each neuron causally contributes to behavior [11, 12]. Here we demonstrate a novel modeling approach to identify a one-to-one mapping between internal units in a deep neural network and real neurons by predicting the behavioral changes arising from systematic perturbations of more than a dozen neuron types. A key ingredient we introduce is “knockout training”, which involves perturbing the network during training to match the perturbations of the real neurons during behavioral experiments. We apply this approach to model the sensorimotor transformation of Drosophila melanogaster males during a complex, visually-guided social behavior [13, 14, 15, 16]. Contrary to prevailing views [17, 18, 19], our model suggests that visual projection neurons at the interface between the eye and brain form a distributed population code that collectively sculpts social behavior. Overall, our framework consolidates behavioral effects elicited from various neural perturbations into a single, unified model, providing a detailed map from stimulus to neuron to behavior.

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Detection Theory

Cited by 77 publications

References 0 publications

Acoustic regularities in infant-directed speech and song across cultures

Acoustic regularities in infant-directed speech and song across cultures

The Effects of Spatial Attention Focus and Visual Awareness on the Processing of Fearful Faces: An ERP Study

One-to-one mapping between deep network units and real neurons uncovers a visual population code for social behavior

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