Detection Probability Analysis of True Random Coding Photon Counting Lidar

Yu, Yang; Wang, Zhangjun; Ma, Kuntai; Chen, Chao; Wang, Xiufen; Xue, Boyang; Li, Xianxin; Zhang, Feng; Pan, Xin; Zhuang, Quanfeng; Li, Hui

doi:10.3390/photonics8120545

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Types Solution References mutual interference pulsed ToF random pulse trains [35] generate random sequence of double pulses by binary chaos generator [42] constitute CPPM by algorithm to generate random sequence [33] generate random signal sequence by LED+CMOS SPAD [36,[54][55][56] develop a multi-pulse detection algorithm [57] FMCW the interference signal can be extracted from the low-pass filter with wavelet denoising [58] few-mode frequency-modulated LiDAR receivers [40] frequency-Hopping modulator [39] RMCW use ASE laser to generate chaos signals [41] random signals generated by external optical perturbation [43][44][45][46][47][48][49] ghost image optic rotate the angle of the polarizing beam splitter to reduce the reflections of mirrors [52] adjust optical polarization to defocus unwanted stray light reflections [59][60][61] add anti-reflection mode and filter to suppress ghost reflection [62] enhance self-heterodyne synthetic aperture Imaging radar (Coherent Radar Architecture) [63] a higher gain length and a more powerful output from a single diode. However, the active region's vertical thickness is small compared to the horizontal width due to the designed geometry, producing an asymmetric elliptical beam profile rather than an ideal circular Gaussian beam.…”

Section: Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Light Detection and Ranging: Optical Modulation Solutions and Novel Nanotechnologies

Chen,

Miao,

Hong

et al. 2023

Adv Quantum Tech

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Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor is widely recognized as a critical component for accurate perception. However, there are a host of challenges that impede their performance, including low spatial resolution, high costs, large size, low reliability, and susceptibility to interference. It is challenging to overcome these issues using a single LiDAR module, necessitating the need for a review of current LiDAR technologies. The paper commences by introducing the fundamental principles of various laser rangefinders and discussing the optical modulation technologies used to prevent interference and ghost images. Next, the paper delves into the latest developments in laser technology, with a focus on enhancing the switching rate, compliance with eye safety regulations, miniaturization, and improving stability. One highly promising innovation is the photonic crystal surface emitting laser (PCSEL), a novel light source that boasts high‐speed, small divergence angles, and high‐power output. Finally, the paper discusses the advancements made in non‐solid‐state scanning and solid‐state scanning, such as improving stability, increasing scanning angles, and optimizing the manufacturing of mechanical and micro‐electromechanical systems (MEMS). Additionally, the paper highlights the recent advancements in nanotechnology, specifically metasurface technology, which offers superior capabilities such as beam deflection, enhanced field‐of‐view (FOV), and dynamic modulation.

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Section: Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Light Detection and Ranging: Optical Modulation Solutions and Novel Nanotechnologies

Chen,

Miao,

Hong

et al. 2023

Adv Quantum Tech

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“…For millions of LiDAR systems, different frequencies for every LiDAR system might be difficult. To get different laser frequencies easily for all LiDAR systems, the laser difference can be imitated by an intentional random time delay of the own pulse repetition frequency, which is also called PPM [12]- [17]. Due to eye safety, the laser can only be delayed so that the pulse repetition frequency is never increased.…”

Section: B Reduction Of Lidar Interferencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…TCSPC LiDAR using single-photon detectors like singlephoton avalanche diodes (SPADs) underlie dead times and are thus often restricted to first-photon measurements. TCSPC systems focus on LiDAR interference approaches like pulseposition modulation (PPM) [12]- [17] or CDMA realized by dual-pulse emission considering dead time [18]. One paper even combines CDMA and PPM applied to scanning LiDAR [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probability of Unrecognized LiDAR Interference for TCSPC LiDAR

et al. 2022

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A standard method for distance determination is light detection and ranging (LiDAR), which relies on the emission and detection of reflected laser pulses. When LiDAR systems become common for every vehicle, many simultaneous laser signals will produce mutual LiDAR interference between LiDAR systems. In this paper, we analyze the possibility to recognize mutual interference in time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) LiDAR with particular focus on flash systems. We evaluate the LiDAR interference appearance by deriving the expected event distribution for ego and aggressor signal. From that, we calculate the probability of photon detection within each measured signal. This paper shows the high potential of different pulse repetition frequencies to reduce LiDAR interference. Using signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), we define the extinction distance, beyond which the aggressor signal completely extinguishes the ego signal. Applied on different background and laser event rates, we find the connection between ideal LiDAR system designs and lowest probability for unrecognized LiDAR interference. Furthermore, we show the relationship to a specific LiDAR design, which must fulfill eye safety condition and receives lower intensities with increasing target distances. Finally, we present different solutions for the recognition and reduction of LiDAR interference based on our previous results. Index Terms-Light detection and ranging (LiDAR), mutual LiDAR interference, time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC), direct time-of-flight (dTOF).

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“…SPADs are not able to measure these temporal modulations within one measurement due to the first-photon principle causing the pile-up effect. Therefore, CDMA with dual-pulse emission considering dead time [17], PPM [18]- [23] or a combination of both methods is suggested [24]. [9], [10] IV.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimized Interference Suppression for TCSPC LiDAR

et al. 2022

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The increased use of light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems for distance determination requires the investigation of mutual interference. In this paper, we describe the conditions for occurrence of LiDAR interference. We outline suppression methods for different LiDAR types identifying pulse-position modulation (PPM) as solution for time-of-flight LiDAR with time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) histograms. Based on PPM, we present a suppression method, which randomly varies the laser pulse emission times. For optimal suppression, we switch on the suppression only when interference is present. To recognize the occurrence of LiDAR interference, we develop a multi-pulse detection algorithm that can also extract all pulse positions. Simulations show that the algorithm can be applied for a signal-to-noise ratio greater than 3. Determining the heights of all recognized pulse signatures, an appropriate suppression level can be chosen. We successfully show the optimized interference suppression for an example LiDAR measurement. For a safe use by multiple systems, we suggest random numbers. We reuse the TCSPC histograms to generate random numbers, whose generation probability is calculated theoretically and confirmed by simulation and measurement data. For nearly all histogram distributions consisting of background-and laser-generated data, a sufficient amount of random numbers is produced.

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Detection Probability Analysis of True Random Coding Photon Counting Lidar

Cited by 5 publications

References 22 publications

Recent Advances in Light Detection and Ranging: Optical Modulation Solutions and Novel Nanotechnologies

Recent Advances in Light Detection and Ranging: Optical Modulation Solutions and Novel Nanotechnologies

Probability of Unrecognized LiDAR Interference for TCSPC LiDAR

Optimized Interference Suppression for TCSPC LiDAR

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