Detection of white blood cell populations in the ejaculates of fertile men

Infection and Male Infertility: Effect of Different Antibiotic Regimens on Semen Quality

“…Some authors have reported improvement in semen characteristics after antibiotic therapy [ 1, 3, 5 , 10, 171, whereas others have failed to confirm these findings [2,6,11,161. Most of genital tract infections, especially those caused by sexually transmitted organisms, have a wide variation, depending on factors such as life style, health care, sexual practices, duration of therapy, and whether one or both partners are treated.…”

Nonsperm Cells in Human Semen: With Special Reference to Seminal Leukocytes and their Possible Influence on Fertility

“…The values from the third study [36] were for Table 2 calculated both as mean numbers per ejaculate and as mean concentrations. Because results obtained with the Papanicolaou staining technique:, which was used in the last study [36], are very similar to results obtained with an immunoenzymatic method [35], used in the two other studies [43,901, the values from the three studies should be comparable. Nevertheless, whereas the mean WBC numbers per ejaculate obtained in two of the studies were very similar [36, 901, much higher values were obtained in the third study [43].…”

“…In one study the mean numbers of cells per ejaculate were given [90], while the cells in another study were recorded as mean concentrations, i.e., x106/mL [43]. The values from the third study [36] were for Table 2 calculated both as mean numbers per ejaculate and as mean concentrations.…”

Corrected Seminal Fructose Test

“…In the presence of an obstruction of the ducts, a reduced secretion of the products of the seminal vesicles is observed into seminal plasma [15]. However, leucocytospermia may also be observed in fertile men without genital tract infection [7,18,231. Recently, we demonstrated that leucocytospermia is associated with low seminal quality when the corrected seminal fructose is low [15].…”

“…Infection may activate leucocytes, resulting in leucocytospermia (>lo6 mL-I). However, some studies have reported a wide range of white blood cells (WBC) in the semen of fertile men with neither genital tract infection nor antisperm antibodies without loss of their fertility [7,18,231. Thus the combined measurement of serum testosterone levels and markers of the seminal vesicles and/or prostate in cases of leucocytospermia could be useful tools to discard an obstruction processes from an hypoandrogenism.…”