Detection of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath for mass screening of COVID-19 infection

Lai, Christopher K C; Kw, Choi; Yao, James C.; Tong, Raymond CF

doi:10.12809/hkmj2210594

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…A set of 64 unique sensing nanomaterials, grouped into four categories (nanotubes, composites, nanoparticles, and polymers, Table ), was selected based on our previous work with E-Nose sensors ,,− combined with their responses, particularly limits of detection and repeatability, to 12 VOCs and NO/NO 2 (boldface in Table ), reported to differ between the breath of COVID-19-infected and uninfected individuals. ,,, Table also includes another 22 VOCs, along with CO and H 2 S, all reported “breath markers” for COVID-19-infection. − Although we did not use these 24 additional compounds to initially select and test the sensor materials, the 64 chosen materials do respond to varying degrees to all VOCs (alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, alkanes, aromatics, etc.) and several respond to CO or H 2 S, so at least the full list of compounds in Table is expected to contribute to the breath response patterns described below.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The volatilome can be pathogen-specific; it is sometimes associated with a perceptible odor that signals the presence of disease. , Studies of influenza breath signatures include a recent characterization of the volatile “scents” emitted by cells co-infected with influenza A and Streptococcus pyogenes, suggesting how VOC analysis could monitor this dangerous viral-and-bacterial affliction . In the urgent context of the COVID-19 pandemic, multiple groups have reported on COVID-19 screening using breath-borne VOCs. − …”

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confidence: 99%

“…In this article, we describe the adaptation of our spaceflight-proven E-Nose, which uses a swappable sensor head contained 64-channel array of nanomaterial-based sensors to mimic key aspects of olfaction, for rapid screening for COVID-19 infection by measuring (“smelling”) the pattern of VOCs in human exhaled breath: levels of some breath constituents are affected by virus infection in the upper respiratory tract and lung. ,,− The cylindrical E-Nose device (Figure a) includes a sensor head (Figure b), electronics, proximity wireless and USB interfaces, and rechargeable batteries; an App on a tablet controls the hand-held device and displays data. A separate sampling fixture (Figure c), which includes gas-handling pump and valves, particle filters, and connecting plumbing, delivers human breath samples from single-use air-tight bags to the E-Nose.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…To guide sensor array development, nitric oxide/nitrogen dioxide plus 12 VOCs (boldface in Table ) were initially selected for laboratory testing: their concentrations are reported to differ significantly in the breath of humans infected with COVID-19 ,,− relative to the uninfected. , Ultimately, field tests at Stanford Medicine screened 63 participants, approximately half of whom were COVID-19-positive as determined by a RT-PCR (reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction) test administered the same time as breath sample collection. The breath samples were measured by the E-Nose at Stanford (Figure d); data were transmitted by the Stanford team to NASA Ames Research Center (ARC) on the same day for analysis.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Electronic Nose Development and Preliminary Human Breath Testing for Rapid, Non-Invasive COVID-19 Detection

Li,

Hannon,

et al. 2023

ACS Sens.

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We adapted an existing, spaceflight-proven, robust "electronic nose" (E-Nose) that uses an array of electrical resistivity-based nanosensors mimicking aspects of mammalian olfaction to conduct on-site, rapid screening for COVID-19 infection by measuring the pattern of sensor responses to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled human breath. We built and tested multiple copies of a hand-held prototype E-Nose sensor system, composed of 64 chemically sensitive nanomaterial sensing elements tailored to COVID-19 VOC detection; data acquisition electronics; a smart tablet with software (App) for sensor control, data acquisition and display; and a sampling fixture to capture exhaled breath samples and deliver them to the sensor array inside the E-Nose. The sensing elements detect the combination of VOCs typical in breath at parts-per-billion (ppb) levels, with repeatability of 0.02% and reproducibility of 1.2%; the measurement electronics in the E-Nose provide measurement accuracy and signal-to-noise ratios comparable to benchtop instrumentation. Preliminary clinical testing at Stanford Medicine with 63 participants, their COVID-19-positive or COVID-19-negative status determined by concomitant RT-PCR, discriminated between these two categories of human breath with a 79% correct identification rate using "leave-one-out" training-and-analysis methods. Analyzing the E-Nose response in conjunction with body temperature and other non-invasive symptom screening using advanced machine learning methods, with a much larger database of responses from a wider swath of the population, is expected to provide more accurate on-the-spot answers. Additional clinical testing, design refinement, and a mass manufacturing approach are the main steps toward deploying this technology to rapidly screen for active infection in clinics and hospitals, public and commercial venues, or at home.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Electronic Nose Development and Preliminary Human Breath Testing for Rapid, Non-Invasive COVID-19 Detection

Li,

Hannon,

et al. 2023

ACS Sens.

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Exhaled Volatile Organic Compounds Detection in Pneumonia Screening: A Comprehensive Meta-analysis

He,

Zhong,

Xue

et al. 2024

Lung

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Background Pneumonia is a common lower respiratory tract infection, and early diagnosis is crucial for timely treatment and improved prognosis. Traditional diagnostic methods for pneumonia, such as chest imaging and microbiological examinations, have certain limitations. Exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) detection, as an emerging non-invasive diagnostic technique, has shown potential application value in pneumonia screening. Method A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, with the retrieval time up to March 2024. The inclusion criteria were diagnostic studies evaluating exhaled VOCs detection for the diagnosis of pneumonia, regardless of the trial design type. A meta-analysis was performed using a bivariate model for sensitivity and specificity. Results A total of 14 diagnostic studies were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled results demonstrated that exhaled VOCs detection had a combined sensitivity of 0.94 (95% CI: 0.92–0.95) and a combined specificity of 0.83 (95% CI: 0.81–0.84) in pneumonia screening, with an area under the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve (AUC) of 0.96. The pooled diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) was 104.37 (95% CI: 27.93–390.03), and the pooled positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR) were 8.98 (95% CI: 3.88–20.80) and 0.11 (95% CI: 0.05–0.22), indicating a high diagnostic performance. Conclusion This study highlights the potential of exhaled VOCs detection as an effective, non-invasive screening method for pneumonia, which could facilitate future diagnosis in pneumonia. Further high-quality, large-scale studies are required to confirm the clinical utility of exhaled VOCs detection in pneumonia screening. Study registration: PROSPERO, Review no. CRD42024520498.

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Detection of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath for mass screening of COVID-19 infection

Cited by 2 publications

References 8 publications

Electronic Nose Development and Preliminary Human Breath Testing for Rapid, Non-Invasive COVID-19 Detection

Electronic Nose Development and Preliminary Human Breath Testing for Rapid, Non-Invasive COVID-19 Detection

Exhaled Volatile Organic Compounds Detection in Pneumonia Screening: A Comprehensive Meta-analysis

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