Detection of virulence genes of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw beef for retail sale in the markets of Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia

Abstract

Background Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a highly virulent pathogen that causes food-borne illness, food poisoning, skin and soft tissue infections, abscesses, mastitis, and bacteremia. It is common for meat and meat products to become contaminated with S. aureus due to dirty hands, food storage conditions, food production processes, and unhygienic conditions, causing food poisoning. Therefore, we aimed to isolate S. aureus strain from the raw beef and reveal virulence genes and antibiotic resistance profile from isolated S. aureus strains. Methods In this study, 100 samples of raw beef were collected from 4 major market stalls in Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia. S. aureus was detected according to the ISO 6888–1:2021 standard, and the nucA gene encoding the species-specific thermonuclease was amplified and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the strains of S. aureus isolated from the samples, the genes encoding the virulence factors including sea, sed, tsst, eta, etb, and mecA were amplified by multiplex PCR. These genes are encoded staphylococcal enterotoxin A, enterotoxin D, toxic shock syndrome toxin, exotoxin A, exotoxin B and penicillin-binding protein PBP 2A, respectively. Antibiotic sensitivity test was performed by the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. The Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines as CLSI M100-S27 was used for analysis of the data. Results Thirty-five percent of our samples were detected contaminated with of the S. aureus strains. Subsequently, antibiotic resistance was observed in the S. aureus contaminated samples. Among our samples, the highest rates of resistance were determined against ampicillin (97.1%), oxacillin (88.6%), and penicillin (88.6%), respectively. Three genes including mecA, sea, and tsst from six virulence genes were detected in 17% of S. aureus strain-contaminated samples by multiplex PCR. The sed, etb and eta genes were detected in the 2.9%, 11.4% and 5.7% of our samples, respectively. Conclusion The results show that S. aureus related contamination is high in the raw beef for retail sale and prevalent S. aureus strains are resistant to all antibiotics used. Also, our results have demonstrated that there is a high risk for food poisoning caused by antibiotic resistant S. aureus in the raw beef and it may establish public health issues. Genes encoding for both heat-resistant and nonresistant toxicity factors were detected in the antibiotic resistant S. aureus strains and shown the highly pathogenic. Finally, our study is ensuring to need proper hygienic conditions during beef’s preparation and sale.

Comparative genomic analysis of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from patients and retail meat

“…Similarly, several earlier investigations have reported comparable levels of S. aureus contamination in raw meat: 27.8% prevalence in the United States (Thapaliya et al, 2017), 24.5% in various African countries (Thwala et al, 2021), 23.8% in Iran (Safarpoor Dehkordi et al, 2017), 35% in China, 33.3% in the Netherlands (van Loo et al, 2007, and 22% in Bangladesh (Pu et al, 2009). Various factors, such as hygiene practices, storage conditions, and the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry can differ between regions and impact the presence of S. aureus in meat (Dorjgochoo et al, 2023). These regional variations are essential for understanding and addressing the food safety concerns associated with S. aureus contamination.…”