Detection of Virulence and β-lactamase resistance genes of non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from human and animal origin in Egypt "one health concern"

Abstract

Background Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a major foodborne zoonotic pathogen worldwide. In the current study, Various NTS strains were isolated from (cows, milk and dairy products in addition to humans) in New Valley and Assiut Governorate, Egypt. NTS were firstly serotyped and tested by antibiotic sensitivity test. Secondly, some virulence genes and Antibiotic resistance genes have been identified by using PCR. Finally, Phylogenesis was performed depending on the invA gene, for two S. typhimurium isolates (one of animal origin and the other of human origin for evaluating zoonotic potential). Results Out of 800 examined samples, the total number of isolates was 87 (10.88%), which were classified into 13 serotypes, with the most prevalent being S. Typhimurium and S. enteritidis. Both bovine and human isolates showed the highest resistance to clindamycin and streptomycin, with 90.80% of the tested isolates exhibiting MDR. The occurrence of the invA gene was 100%, while 72.22%, 30.56%, and 94.44% of the examined strains were positive for stn, spvC, and hilA genes, respectively. Additionally, blaOXA-2 was detected in 16.67% (6/ 36) of the tested isolates, while blaCMY-1 was detected in 30.56% (11of 36) of the tested isolates. Phylogenesis revealed a high degree of similarity between the two isolates. Conclusions The high occurrence of MDR strains of NTS in both human and animal samples with high degree of genetic similarity, shows that cows, milk and milk product may be a valuable source of human infection with NTS and interfere with treatment procedures.

Rumi and Pasteurized Kareish Cheeses Are a Source of β-Lactam-Resistant Salmonella in the Nile Delta Region of Egypt: Insights into Their Incidence, AMR Pattern, Genotypic Determinants of Virulence and β-Lactam Resistance

“…To address this critical knowledge gap, we investigated Salmonella strains for the possible presence of genes encoding for β-lactamases. The majority of the Salmonella isolates in the current study and surveillance studies of Salmonella in dairy products [17,18,26], camel meat [38], retailed beef and chicken meat [39], and among food handlers and human patients [26] from Egypt were XDR or MDR, which have been confirmed to be positive for at least one or more NSBL (bla OXA-1 + bla OXA-2 ) genes, as well as plasmid-and chromosome-encoded ESBL (bla CTX-M + bla TEM-1 ) genes and AmpC BL (bla CMY-1 + bla CMY-2 ) resistant genes. Similarly, bla OXA-1 , bla CTX-M , and bla TEM-1 were the most frequently identified β-lactams resistance genes of E. coli and Shigella species recovered from raw milk and dairy products marketed in Egypt [40,41].…”

“…Tasmin et al [25] reported that Salmonella strains retrieved from infected animals and birds exhibit a higher incidence of the plasmid-associated spvC gene. Recent investigations from Egypt [23,26] and Bangladesh [27] highlighted that the occurrence rate of the spvC gene is limited across S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, and S. Infantis isolated from retailed foods. In the current study, the spvC gene was found to be restricted to all S. Typhimurium serotypes, and it is consistent with the findings of Zou et al [28] and Elzhraa et al [23].…”

Genetic Diversity of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Enteritidis from Human and Non-Human Sources in Portugal

“…The presence of the spv operon (namely spvB , spvC , and spvR ) and the genes inv A, hil A, fim A, and stn are usually associated with severe infections in non-typhoidal Salmonella [ 53 , 54 , 55 ]. In the current study, 100% of strains carried the genes invA and hilA , 92.2% harbored the fimA gene, and 90.2% carried the spvB gene.…”

“…The presence of the spv operon (namely spvB, spvC, and spvR) and the genes invA, hilA, fimA, and stn are usually associated with severe infections in non-typhoidal Salmonella [53][54][55].…”

Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Typhimurium induced pyelonephritis and suspected multifocal myositis in a cat

“…Although clinical improvement occurred in our case before discharge from hospital, this was unlikely to be a result of clindamycin administration, as S Typhimurium isolates are uniformly resistant to clindamycin. 17 …”