Detection of triclocarban and two co-contaminating chlorocarbanilides in US aquatic environments using isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Sapkota, Amir; Heidler, Jochen; Halden, Rolf U.

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2006.03.006

Cited by 121 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Triclocarban, an anti-microbial chemical commonly found in aquatic systems (Sapkota et al, 2007), recently was reported to enhance AR-mediated responses to testosterone both in mammalian cell cultures and rats in vivo Chen et al, 2008;Blake et al, 2010). The mechanism whereby this effect occurs is not known Chen et al, 2008), but our basic mixture study design provided a unique opportunity to assess whether TCC could enhance AR-mediated responses in fish.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of chemical mixtures to differentiate mechanisms of endocrine action in a small fish model

et al. 2010

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a b s t r a c tVarious assays with adult fish have been developed to identify potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) which may cause toxicity via alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. These assays can be sensitive and highly diagnostic for key mechanisms such as agonism of the estrogen and androgen receptors (ERs, ARs) and inhibition of steroid synthesis. However, most of the tests do not unambiguously identify AR antagonists. The purpose of this work was to explore the utility of a mixture test design with the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) for detecting different classes of EDCs including AR antagonists. Adults of both sexes were exposed via the water to EDCs with diverse mechanisms of action in the absence or presence of 17␤-trenbolone (TB), a potent AR agonist which masculinizes female fathead minnows. Similar to previous studies with the model AR antagonists flutamide and vinclozolin, exposure of females to the AR antagonist cyproterone acetate in the presence of TB decreased expression of an easily-observed masculinization response, nuptial tubercle formation. Mixture studies with TB and the model ER agonists, 17␣-ethinylestradiol and bisphenol A, also showed inhibition of tubercle formation in the females, but unlike the AR antagonists, the estrogens markedly induced synthesis of vitellogenin (VTG: egg yolk protein), particularly in males. The ER agonists also offset TB-induced depressions in plasma VTG concentrations in female fish. Additional mixture experiments were conducted with TB and triclocarban, an anti-microbial reported to enhance AR-mediated responses, or ammonia, a "negative control" with no known direct effects on HPG function. Neither chemical affected VTG status in males or females in the absence or presence of TB; however, both slightly enhanced TB-induced tubercle formation in females. Based on studies described herein and elsewhere with the fathead minnow, a TB co-exposure assay appears to be an effective approach for clearly identifying AR antagonists as well as potential EDCs with other relevant mechanisms of action.Published by Elsevier B.V.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of chemical mixtures to differentiate mechanisms of endocrine action in a small fish model

et al. 2010

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“…Since the concentrations of these compounds are normally low in aquatic environment, extraction/pretreatment procedures, and high-sensitivity instruments are necessary for their final determination. Their general pretreatment methods reported include liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) [12], dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) [10,11], solid-phase extraction (SPE) [8,13], solid-phase microextraction (SPME) [14], hollow fiber assisted liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) [15], and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) [16]. However, TCC and TCS are not closely related in molecular structure (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TCC is a weak base with a pK a = 12.77, whereas TCS is a phenolic compound with a pK a = 4.5 [9]. Therefore, these compounds are often analyzed in environmental matrices by using separate methods [8,12,13]. Recently, TCC and TCS have been determined simultaneously in water samples by using DLLME [10,11] or SPME [17] followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SPE is the most common technique used for cleanup of organic pollutants in various sample matrices. Some SPE methods have been aimed at the isolation of an individual TCC [8,13] or TCS [18,19]. In the SPE procedure, the desired adsorbent is an important factor to obtain good recovery and high enrichment factor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sensitive and selective approaches for determination of TCC and TCS have been established, including GC/MS [6,16], GC/MS/MS [21], LC/MS [9,13], and LC/MS/MS [11,17]. These instruments are expensive and not popular in every laboratory, especially in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improved SPE-UPLC-UV-based method for the simultaneous determination of triclocarban and triclosan in wastewater

Liu²,

Wang

2015

Acta Chromatographica

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Summary. Triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) are used in a wide range of household and personal care products and have been the most frequently detected organic pollutants in both wastewater and surface water. This paper presented a rapid analytical method for simultaneous determination of TCC and TCS in wastewater. The method involves the extraction and cleanup of the target compounds by using silicon dioxide/polystyrene composite microspheres solid-phase extraction and detection with ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection were 0.028 µg/L and 0.040 µg/L for TCC and TCS, respectively. Under the concentrations of the spiking level ranging from 0.100 µg/L to 2.000 µg/L, the spiked recoveries of TCC and TCS in wastewater samples achieved in the range of 89.5-102.8% with RSD below 6.3% for TCC and 95.5-103.6% with RSD below 6.9% for TCS. This method was successfully used in monitoring the water samples from three traditional wastewater treatment plants.

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The antimicrobial triclocarban stimulates embryo production in the freshwater mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum

Giudice

Young

2010

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Recent research has indicated that the antimicrobial chemical triclocarban (TCC) represents a new type of endocrine disruptor, amplifying the transcriptional activity of steroid hormones and their receptors while itself exhibiting little affinity for these receptors. The effects of TCC were studied in the freshwater mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum. Specimens were exposed to concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 10.5 μg/L dissolved TCC and were removed and dissected, and embryos contained within the brood pouch were counted and classified as shelled or unshelled after2 and 4weeksof exposure. After 4 weeks, environmentally relevant TCC concentrations of 1.6 to 10.5 μg/L resulted in statistically significant increases in the number of unshelled embryos, while 0.2, 1.6, and 10.5 μg/L exposures significantly increased numbers of shelled embryos. The lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) was 0.2 μg/L, the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) was 0.05 μg/L, and the EC10 and EC50 for unshelled effects were 0.5 μg/L and 2.5 μg/L, respectively. Given the widespread occurrence of TCC in the environment and effects shown at environmentally relevant concentrations, these results indicate that TCC may be causing reproductive effects in the environment. Furthermore, the present study indicates that environmental risk from a new class of EDCs is both qualitatively and quantitatively similar to risk from existing classes of EDCs.

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Detection of triclocarban and two co-contaminating chlorocarbanilides in US aquatic environments using isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Cited by 121 publications

References 18 publications

Use of chemical mixtures to differentiate mechanisms of endocrine action in a small fish model

Use of chemical mixtures to differentiate mechanisms of endocrine action in a small fish model

Improved SPE-UPLC-UV-based method for the simultaneous determination of triclocarban and triclosan in wastewater

The antimicrobial triclocarban stimulates embryo production in the freshwater mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum

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