Detection of Triazole Deicing Additives in Soil Samples from Airports with Low, Mid, and Large Volume Aircraft Deicing Activities

Abstract

Soil samples from three USA airports representing low, mid, and large volume users of aircraft deicing fluids (ADAFs) were analyzed by LC/MS/MS for the presence of triazoles, a class of corrosion inhibitors historically used in ADAFs. Triazoles, specifically the 4-methyl-1H-benzotriazole and the 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole, were detected in a majority of samples and ranged from 2.35 to 424.19 microg/kg. Previous studies have focused primarily on ground and surface water impacts of larger volume ADAF users. The detection of triazoles in soils at low volume ADAF use airports suggests that deicing activities may have a broader environmental impact than previously considered.

Recent Progress in Preparation and Anti-Icing Applications of Superhydrophobic Coatings

“…The other is de-icing system, which allows the accumulation of a small amount of ice, thus the de-icing approaches are definitely required. Common anti/de-icing technologies can be subdivided into mechanical, liquid, and thermal anti/de-icing systems, as shown Figure 3 [24,25]. Among them, according to different loading ways, the mechanical de-icing technologies can be divided into pneumatic de-icing and electric-pulse de-icing.…”

Fast low-pressurized microwave-assisted extraction of benzotriazole, benzothiazole and benezenesulfonamide compounds from soil samples

“…The MAE procedure here developed proved to be a valid, straightforward alternative to the few procedures currently reported in literature for determination of BTRs in soil entailing liquid-solid extraction using organic solvent [19] or aqueous-organic phase [15] that required at least two extraction cycles.…”

“…Use of matrix-matched standard solutions allowed accurate quantification, as apparent from recovery and precision data (see Table 2). The sensitivity resulted suitable for detection and/or quantification in real samples, as shown in Section 3.3, and could be further improved coupling the present MAE procedure with liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry [15,19].…”

“…Just one paper reports the extraction of three BTR derivates from soil [15] and another one for extraction of two BTRs from sediment [19]. Specifically for soil, it was found that a double vortex extraction in aqueous-organic phase prior chromatographic separation provided poor recovery (around 30%) [15]; on the contrary, a two-cycles liquid-solid extraction with methanol followed by solvent change prior solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography gave recovery higher than 70% [19]. No analytical method is currently available for determination of BTRs, BTs and BSAs in soil.…”

“…It should be also noticed that BTR levels up to 1,700 and 13,000 Pg kg -1 were determined in impacted soil and sediment collected near airports, respectively [14], as a result of the runoff from the application of aircraft de-icing/anti-icing fluids, that is a major contamination input [6,15]. In this context, it has to be underlined that BTRs were detected in soil also after two years after the cessation of de-icing activity, evidence of their environmental persistence [14].…”