Detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection and associated risk factors among pregnant women in Makkah Al Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia

Mohamed, Khalil; Bahathiq, Adil Omar; Degnah, Narjes; Basuni, Suzan; Mahdi, Al Bagir; Malki, A Al; Babalghith, Ahmad O.

doi:10.1016/s2222-1808(15)60995-1

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…14 – 33 All 20 studies included in the review had cross-sectional designs, and together they tested a total of 13,597 females of childbearing age (ie, between 15 and 49 years) for toxoplasmosis in various regions across Saudi Arabia. The geographical breakdown of the 20 studies was as follows: 6 were carried out in the northern region of Saudi Arabia, 15 , 18 , 23 , 25 , 27 , 33 4 each were performed in the southern region, 22 , 24 , 26 , 29 and the western region, 17 , 30 – 32 and 3 each were performed in the central region 14 , 16 , 19 and the eastern region. 20 , 21 , 28 The smallest sample among the 20 studies contained 75 participants, 24 while the largest study recruited 6,076 participants.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 2 displays the variables identified as risk factors alongside those which were not examined but associated with T. gondii infection and presents data on the number of studies which investigated each variable. Among the variables explored by the studies included in the present review (9/20), the following were reported to be risk factors: increasing age (5 of the 9 studies which explored this variable found it to be a risk factor), 14 , 18 , 20 , 22 , 26 the consumption of raw or undercooked meat (2/8), 20 , 32 living in an urban residence (1/5), 14 living in a rural residence (1/5), 20 a low level of education (1/5), 28 having previously had abortion(s) (1/5), 20 the number of gravida and parities (1/5), 22 dining outside the home (1/4), 28 having had contact with garden soil (1/4), 18 earning a low income (1/2), 20 consuming raw or unwashed vegetable/fruit (1/2), 25 a lack of knowledge of toxoplasmosis (1/2), 28 having a previous history of toxoplasmosis (1/1), 22 being shorter in height (1/1), 32 a lack of knowledge of the risk of handling raw meat or tasting during cooking (1/1), 28 and a lack of awareness of the risks of consuming undercooked meat (1/1). 28 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This apparently significant variation in T. gondii seroprevalence between Saudi Arabia and nearby countries may be due to the different contexts and impacts of various potential risk factors in these countries, such as the local climatic conditions, nutritional behavior, residence locations, and levels of close contact with animals, particularly cats. 15 , 39 , 40 For example, none of the studies included in this paper associated T. gondii infection with participants’ level of contact with cats, 14 , 17 , 18 , 25 , 32 cat ownership status, 22 , 25 , 28 , 32 drinking of untreated water, 17 , 18 , 20 , 25 , 32 or drinking of unpasteurized milk. 18 , 22 , 25 , 32 However, these factors have previously been reported as significant by studies in countries near Saudi Arabia: a recent meta-analysis of 83 Iranian studies reported a significant association among the sampled women for T. gondii seroprevalence and cat contact.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seroprevalence of <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> and its associated risk factors among women of reproductive age in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Alzaheb

2018

IJWH

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Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), which infects many warm-blooded animals including humans, causes toxoplasmosis, a globally widespread condition. To date, no research has explored the overall T. gondii infection seroprevalence among women in Saudi Arabia, nor have the risk factors associated with the infection been examined in the Saudi Arabian context. The present systematic review and meta-analysis therefore aimed to investigate toxoplasmosis seroprevalence based on previous study samples of Saudi women of reproductive age, and to establish the potentially risk factors in this national context. PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus were searched for studies on T. gondii seroprevalence among women in mainland Saudi Arabia published between January 2000 and December 2017. Seroprevalence with 95% CI was presented for each study, and point estimates and their 95% CIs of pooled seroprevalence were then calculated. Twenty papers were eligible for inclusion, with samples totaling 13,597 females of childbearing age (ie, between 15 and 49 years) covering various regions of Saudi Arabia. The pooled estimation for T. gondii prevalence using a random-effect model was calculated as 27.8% (95% CI =20.6%–36.3%). A significant association was observed between age and T. gondii seroprevalence. This review represents the first comprehensive and systematic evaluation of T. gondii infection seroprevalence among Saudi Arabian women, and reports a high prevalence of Toxoplasma infection. Further research is required to support the development of more cost-effective preventive strategies.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Seroprevalence of <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> and its associated risk factors among women of reproductive age in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Alzaheb

2018

IJWH

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“…Among them, abortion was found in 29.1% (95) for the fi rst or second time, while 9.5% (31) had abortions three times and more. It was observed that the T. gondii infection was the leading reason for the abortion [22]. Followed by another study, in which a total of 60 women (20-35 years) with BOH complications were studied.…”

Section: Sample Collection Transportation and Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Cytomegalovirus, Rubella and Toxoplasma gondii among Internally Displaced Women of District North Waziristan, Pakistan with Home Obstetric History

Saddam¹,

Ali²,

Rehman³

2021

J Biomed Res Environ Sci

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The present study was conducted to estimate the prevalence rate and to identify risk factors of Cytomegalovirus, Rubella and Toxoplasma gondii among internally displaced women of District North Waziristan, Pakistan with home obstetric history. A total of 387 blood samples were collected from internally displaced infected women with the help of a comprehensive filled data form. To determine levels of Cytomegalovirus, Rubella and Toxoplasma gondii Infection, all blood samples were qualitative and quantitative analyzed using Immune chromatographic and Chemiluminescence Microparticle Immunoassay (CMIA) technique. Among 387 blood samples, the total numbers of reactive samples observed were 341 (88.11%) and non-reactive samples were 46 (11.88%). Of 341 (88.11%) reactive samples, the highest ratio 168 (49.26%) was reported for the co-infection of Cytomegalovirus and Rubella, followed by 76 (22.28%) for Cytomegalovirus, Rubella and Toxoplasma gondii combined. In reactive samples, the highest ratio of IgG was noted in order of CMV 22 (64.70%), Rubella 21 (67.74%) and Toxoplasma gondii 16 (72.72%), followed by IgG+IgM and IgM only. Regarding age-wise distribution, the highest ratio 144 (90.56%) of total reactive samples of Cytomegalovirus, Rubella and Toxoplasma gondii was reported in the 25-32 years old group of individuals. Similarly, the highest ratio 53 (48.18%) and 60 (41.66%) of co-infection among reactive samples for Cytomegalovirus, and Rubella was observed in 18-24 and 25-32 years old group. Further, the highest ratio of 100 (40.32%) of risk factors was observed in infected patients who were exposed to a poor hygienic environment and 57 (44.18%) of infected patients had complications of Severe UTI followed by others. Hence, it was revealed that Cytomegalovirus, Rubella and Toxoplasma gondii infection was most prevalent in internally displaced women of District North Waziristan, Pakistan. Therefore, an urgent base prophylactic approaches should need to be addressed to reduce the risk of the spread of disease in this locality.

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“…41 A health promotion strategy should be aimed at women of reproductive age, making them aware of preventive behaviour. 38…”

Section: Prevention Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women in Windhoek, Namibia, in 2016

Colf

Zyl

Noden

et al. 2020

Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Background: When a pregnant woman contracts Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection during pregnancy, it may be vertically transmitted to the foetus. Information on the incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis (CT) in developing countries is scarce. Most studies focus on the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection among pregnant women. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection among pregnant women attending public antenatal care in Windhoek, Namibia, in 2016.Methods: In this descriptive study, 344 urban pregnant women attending public antenatal care were voluntarily enrolled in the study. Seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii Immunoglobulin G (IgG) was determined by automated immunoassay. Samples with a positive T. gondii IgG result were tested for T. gondii Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and specific IgG avidity by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. A questionnaire captured demographic data and exposure to risk factors. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and R.Results: Anti-T. gondii IgG was found in nine (2.61%) pregnant women. There was no association of anti-T. gondii IgG with demographic characteristics or exposure to risk factors.Anti-T. gondii IgM was positive in one (0.3%) woman, while three (0.9%) women had borderline anti-T. gondii IgM results. Specific IgG avidity was low, equivocal and high in 0%, 33% and 67% of seropositive pregnant women, respectively.Conclusion: Seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG is much lower in Namibia than is reported in other developing countries. Investigation into specific IgM seropositivity and IgG avidity showed that pregnant women in the central region of Namibia are at low risk of vertical transmission and development of CT.

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Detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection and associated risk factors among pregnant women in Makkah Al Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia

Cited by 10 publications

References 28 publications

Seroprevalence of <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> and its associated risk factors among women of reproductive age in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Seroprevalence of <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> and its associated risk factors among women of reproductive age in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Prevalence of Cytomegalovirus, Rubella and Toxoplasma gondii among Internally Displaced Women of District North Waziristan, Pakistan with Home Obstetric History

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women in Windhoek, Namibia, in 2016

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