Detection of thermal features from space at Indonesian volcanoes from 2000 to 2020 using ASTER

Thermal unrest of a fumarolic field tracked using VIIRS imaging bands: The case of La fossa crater (Vulcano Island, Italy)

“…However, the ability to detect the fumarolic heat emissions from space strongly depends on the features of the thermal anomalies (i.e., number, size and temperature) as well as on the spatial, temporal, and spectral resolutions of the sensors used (Harris, 2013). Sensors like OLI (Operational Land Iager; onboard of Landsat 8) or ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer), which use bands in the Thermal Infrared (TIR: 8-14 μm) with spatial resolutions of 90-100 m, have been proved to be well suited for mapping worldwide fumarole fields (Vaughan et al, 2012;Braddock et al, 2017;Caputo et al, 2019;Reath et al, 2019;Silvestri et al, 2019;Ramsey and Flynn 2020;Way et al, 2022) as well as for quantifying the long-term thermal flux at La Fossa volcano (Italy; Harris and Stevenson 1997a, b;Mannini et al, 2019). However, their temporal resolution (1 image every 10-16 days approximately), together with the cloud coverage issues (about 55% of ASTER nighttime images are covered by clouds over Vulcano Island) make their use still limited for near-real-time monitoring purposes (e.g., Wadge & Aspinall, 2014;Mothes et al, 2017).…”

Overcoming data scarcity for probabilistic eruption forecasting at data-limited volcanoes

“…Once potentially active volcanoes have been located, remote sensing monitoring data could be analysed to identify temporal trends and long-term variations of deformation, degassing, and thermal signals. Several studies have already conducted regional surveys looking at signals of unrest or eruptive activity from potentially active volcanoes, although they do not explain what makes a volcano a potentially active volcano (e.g., InSAR survey of the central Andes volcanic arc byPritchard and Simons (2002), ASTER and MODIS survey of the central, southern, and austral Andes byJay et al (2013), comparison of seismic data with observations from InSAR and MODIS from the central Andes byPritchard et al (2014), ASTER survey in Latin America byReath et al (2019), multi-parametric study of background activity in the United States byReath et al (2021), and ASTER survey of Indonesian volcanoes byWay et al (2022)). Methods proposed by the studies listed above could be applied to those potentially active volcanoes that have not been studied yet, establishing which volcanoes have undergone undetected unrest episodes in the last couple of decades.…”