Detection of the Canine Parvovirus 2c Subtype in Australian Dogs

Abstract

Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) is an important cause of hemorrhagic enteritis in dogs. In Australia the disease has been associated with CPV-2a and CPV-2b variants. A third more recently emerged variant overseas, CPV-2c, has not been detected in surveys of the Australian dog population. In this study, we report three cases of canine parvoviral enteritis associated with CPV-2c infection; case 1 occurred in an 8-week-old puppy that died following acute hemorrhagic enteritis. Cases 2 and 3 were an 11-month-old female entire Saint Bernard and a 9-month-old male entire Siberian husky, respectively, both which had completed vaccination schedules and presented with vomiting or mild diarrhea only. Full genomic sequencing of parvoviral DNA from cases 1, 2, and 3 revealed greater than 99% homology to known CPV-2c variants and predicted protein sequences from the VP2 region of viral DNA from all three cases identified; glutamic acid residues at the 426 amino acid residue, characteristic of the CPV-2c variant. Veterinary professionals should be aware that CPV-2c is now present in Australia, detected in a puppy and vaccinated young adult dogs in this study. Further characterization of CPV-2c-associated disease and its prevalence in Australian dogs requires additional research.

Nearly full‐length genome characterization of canine parvovirus strains circulating in Nigeria

“…During years, CPV spread and evolution have been well documented in North and South America, Europe and Asia (Miranda & Thompson, ; Zhou, Zeng, Zhang, & Li, ). More recently, data about its spread were also obtained from Australia and Africa (Amrani et al, ; Castanheira et al, ; Chollom et al, ; Dogonyaro et al, ; Figuiredo et al, ; Folitse et al, ; Kapiya et al, ; Touhiri et al, ; Woolford et al, ). Most of these studies were based on the partial or complete VP2 gene sequence, due to the involvement of the VP2 capsid protein in host switch and to its fast evolutionary rate (Hueffer et al, ; Nelson, Palermo, Hafenstein, & Parrish, ; Shackelton, Parrish, Truyen, & Holmes, ), with limited information on other CPV encoding gene sequences.…”

A multiplex TaqMan real-time PCR for detection and differentiation of four antigenic types of canine parvovirus in China

“…The main method for controlling the disease in domestic animals is by vaccination. However, the evolution of CPV raises questions about the efficacy of the vaccines [5,30,31]. Thus, the development of a simple and rapid diagnostic tool that could detect and differentiate four types of CPV in the clinical samples is in valuable for epidemiological surveillance and prediction of the severity of CPV infection in dogs.…”

Diagnostic Challenges in Canine Parvovirus 2c in Vaccine Failure Cases

“…The third variant of the virus, CPV-2c, was first identified in 2000 in Italy [16,17], although retrospective studies showed it had been circulating in Germany for 4 years previously [18]. It spread briskly across Europe [19,20], America [17,21], Asia [22,23] and Australia [24]. Field studies showed that CPV-2c is becoming the predominant variant affecting the dog population worldwide [25][26][27].…”

“…Live attenuated parvovirus vaccines are safe and provide protective immunity when administered at appropriate intervals [18,34]. A major cause of vaccine failure is thought to be the administration of the final vaccine dose to puppies less than 16 weeks old, when maternal antibodies can interfere with the development of immunity, although many other causes are possible [24,35].…”