Detection of sulfur mustard bis (2-chloroethyl) sulfide and metabolites after topical application in the isolated perfused porcine skin flap

Spoo, J.W.; Monteiro‐Riviere, Nancy A.; Riviere, Jim E.

doi:10.1016/0024-3205(95)00102-6

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…9,10 These studies assessed both percutaneous absorption into perfusate and the skin concentrations after topical HD exposure in an ethanol vehicle. The IPPSF is a viable and vascularized in vitro skin model that has been utilized successfully to model the mechanism of percutaneous chemical absorption [11][12][13] and to extrapolate these results to humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of methyl salicylate as a simulant to predict the percutaneous absorption of sulfur mustard

Riviere

Smith

Budsaba

et al. 2001

J of Applied Toxicology

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Exposure to chemical vesicants such as sulfur mustard (HD) continues to be a threat to military forces requiring protectant strategies to exposure to be evaluated. Methyl salicylate (MS) has historically been the simulant of choice to assess HD exposure. The purpose of this study was to compare the percutaneous absorption and skin deposition of MS to HD in the isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF). The HD data were obtained from a previously published study in this model wherein 400 microg cm(-2) of ](14)C[-MS or ](14)C[-HD in ethanol were topically applied to 16 IPPSFs and experiments were terminated at 2, 4 or 8 h. Perfusate was collected at increasing time intervals throughout perfusion. Radioactivity was determined in perfusate and skin samples. Perfusate flux profiles were fitted to a bi-exponential model Y(t) = A(e(-bt) - e(-dt)) and the area under the curve (AUC), peak flux and time to peak flux were determined. Sulfur mustard had more pronounced and rapid initial flux parameters (P < 0.05). The AUCs determined from observed and model-predicted parameters were not statistically different, although the mean HD AUC was 40--50% greater than MS. The HD skin and fat levels were up to twice those seen with MS, but had lower stratum corneum and residual skin surface concentrations (P < 0.05). Compared with other chemicals studied in this model, HD and MS cutaneous disposition were very similar, supporting the use of MS as a dermal simulant for HD exposure.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of methyl salicylate as a simulant to predict the percutaneous absorption of sulfur mustard

Riviere

Smith

Budsaba

et al. 2001

J of Applied Toxicology

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“…Riviere et al describe a tubed isolated perfused porcine skin flap based on the epigastric vessels [6]. This model has been successfully used in a number of studies investigating percutaneous drug absorption [17][18][19]. A rat isolated skin perfusion system has not, to our knowledge, been previously described in the literature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Isolated Perfusion of a Tubed Superficial Epigastric Flap in a Rodent Model

OʼNeill

Barbe

Randolph

et al. 2006

Journal of Surgical Research

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“…Although gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) are still the first choices for analysis on SM and its metabolites [16,17], it should be noted that intact SM is so active or unstable, its direct analysis in biomedical samples might be inappropriate and likely to contaminate the inlet of GC [18]. In addition, complicated and time-consuming sample pretreatment procedures are often needed in GC and GC-MS towards biomedical samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous determination of sulfur mustard and related oxidation products by isotope-dilution LC–MS/MS method coupled with a chemical conversion

et al. 2016

Journal of Chromatography B

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Detection of sulfur mustard bis (2-chloroethyl) sulfide and metabolites after topical application in the isolated perfused porcine skin flap

Cited by 11 publications

References 22 publications

Use of methyl salicylate as a simulant to predict the percutaneous absorption of sulfur mustard

Use of methyl salicylate as a simulant to predict the percutaneous absorption of sulfur mustard

Isolated Perfusion of a Tubed Superficial Epigastric Flap in a Rodent Model

Simultaneous determination of sulfur mustard and related oxidation products by isotope-dilution LC–MS/MS method coupled with a chemical conversion

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