Detection of sub-pptv benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene via low-pressure photoionization mass spectrometry

Zhen, Li; Xu, Chun; Shu, Jinian

doi:10.1016/j.aca.2017.01.065

Cited by 20 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…2 Toluene is used in the preparation of paints, metal cleaners, plastics, detergents, and indispensable cancer biomarkers. 3,4 Ammonia has emerged as an indoor atmosphere pollutant which appears mainly due to the hydrolysis of urea which exists in the antifreeze additives in concrete buildings. 5 There has been an increased demand to develop a cost-effective, portable, and highly sensitive device under ambient conditions, which is still a challenging task to the scientific community.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nowadays, ammonia and toluene are the most common indoor air pollutants and harmful to human health which are increasing in earth’s atmosphere along with greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and nitrous oxide) . Toluene is used in the preparation of paints, metal cleaners, plastics, detergents, and indispensable cancer biomarkers. , Ammonia has emerged as an indoor atmosphere pollutant which appears mainly due to the hydrolysis of urea which exists in the antifreeze additives in concrete buildings . There has been an increased demand to develop a cost-effective, portable, and highly sensitive device under ambient conditions, which is still a challenging task to the scientific community.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Oxygen Functional Groups on Reduced Graphene Oxide-Based Sensors for Ammonia and Toluene Detection at Room Temperature

et al. 2018

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The chemically reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was prepared by the reduction of graphene oxide by hydrazine hydrate. By varying the reduction time (10 min, 1 h, and 15 h), oxygen functional groups on rGO were tremendously controlled and they were named RG1, RG2, and RG3, respectively. Here, we investigate the impact of oxygen functional groups on the detection of ammonia and toluene at room temperature. Their effect on sensing mechanism was analyzed by first-principles calculation-based density functional theory. The sensing material was fabricated, and the effect of reduction time shown improved the recovery of ammonia and toluene sensing at room temperature. Structural, morphological, and electrical characterizations were performed on both RG1 and RG3. The sensor response toward toluene vapor of 300 ppm was found to vary 4.4, 2.5, and 3.8% for RG1, RG2, and RG3, respectively. Though RG1 shows higher sensing response with poor recovery, RG3 exhibited complete desorption of toluene after the sensing process with response and recovery times of approximately 40 and 75 s, respectively. The complete recovery of toluene molecules on RG3 is due to the generation of new sites after the reduction of oxygen functionalities on its surface. It could be suggested that these sites provided anchor to ammonia and toluene molecules and good recovery under N 2 purge. Both theoretical and experimental studies revealed that tuning the oxygen functional groups on rGO could play a vital role in the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on rGO sheets and was discussed in detail. This study could provoke knowledge about rGO-based sensor dependency with oxygen functional groups and shed light on effective monitoring of VOCs under ambient conditions for air quality monitoring applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Oxygen Functional Groups on Reduced Graphene Oxide-Based Sensors for Ammonia and Toluene Detection at Room Temperature

et al. 2018

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“…However, confined by the limits of detection, which are generally at approximately the parts per billion by volume (ppbv) level, , traditional VUV-SPI-MS has rarely been applied to the field measurement of VOCs. Though the detection sensitivity of VUV-SPI-MS toward special aromatics has been improved to approximately the parts per trillion by volume (pptv) level via the low-pressure photoionization technique, it is difficult for the instrument to monitor environmental OVOCs due to the much smaller photon ionization cross-sections of OVOCs compared with those of aromatics. , …”

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confidence: 99%

Vacuum-Ultraviolet-Excited and CH₂Cl₂/H₂O-Amplified Ionization-Coupled Mass Spectrometry for Oxygenated Organics Analysis

et al. 2017

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The mass spectrometry analysis of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) remains challenging due to their limited ionization efficiencies. In this study, we surprisingly found that, under vacuum-UV (VUV) excitation, a gaseous mixture of CHCl/HO/analyte (OVOCs) in N buffer generated large amounts of HO and protonated analyte even when the photon energy was lower than the ionization energy of the neutral species involved. In contrast to those obtained with VUV photoionization alone, the signal intensities of oxygenated organics can be amplified by more than 3 orders of magnitude. The isotope tracing experiment revealed that the proton donor is water, and the dependence of the signal intensities on the VUV photon intensities verified that the reaction was a single-photon process. The observed ionization process is assigned as an undocumented chemi-ionization reaction in which a complex formed from the ion-pair state CHCl*, HO, and analyte and then autoionized to produce the protonated analyte with the aid of the reorganization energy released from the formation of CHO and HCl. Essentially, here we present an efficient chemi-ionization method for the direct protonation of oxygenated organics. By the method, the mass spectrometric sensitivities toward acetic acid, ethanol, aldehyde, diethyl ether, and acetone were determined to be 224 ± 17, 245 ± 5, 477 ± 14, 679 ± 11, and 684 ± 6 counts pptv, respectively, in 10 s acquisition time. In addition, the present ionization process provides a new method for the generation of a high-intensity HO source (∼10 ions s, measured by ion current) by which general organics can be indirectly protonated via a conventional proton-transfer reaction. These results open new aspects of chemi-ionization reactions and offer new technological applications that have the potential to greatly improve mass spectrometry sensitivity for detecting trace gaseous organics.

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“…(67,70) Toluene, which can be found in the production lines of paints, metal cleaners, plastics, and detergents, is an indispensable cancer biomarker. (71,72) A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of device architecture often used to explore the full potential of nanomaterials. The electrical response of graphene FET-based gas sensors cannot provide the desired performance when it comes to the detection of ammonia, as demonstrated by Dan et al, (67) because of the weak binding ( ∼ 20 meV) and small charge transfer for ammonia on graphene.…”

Section: Detection Of Common Organic Vaporsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene-based Materials in Gas Sensor Applications: A Review

Demon¹,

Kamisan²,

Abdullah³

et al. 2020

Sensors and Materials

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Graphene and chemically modified graphene can be fabricated via numerous routes each with its own merits concerning ease of processability, cost-effectiveness for large-scale production, and also health and safety. One of the promising applications of graphene-based composites is gas sensing, which is mainly useful for environmental monitoring. We review some of the significant findings on graphene-based sensing materials for the detection of organic vapors, toxic gases, and chemical warfare agent simulants using an electrochemical method. Electrochemical sensing can be performed by inducing interactions between gas molecules and a graphene layer, such as charge transfer that gives a change in an electrical signal. The intrinsic properties of graphene and its role in some gas sensing applications will be discussed. Graphene and graphene oxide (GO) work as continuous conductive networks with a large number of surface adsorption sites for many gas molecules. Hybrid graphene devices incorporate semiconductors, metals, and molecular binders to enhance the capabilities of solidstate gas sensors. This article also addresses current approaches to the commercialization of graphene-based gas sensors.

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Detection of sub-pptv benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene via low-pressure photoionization mass spectrometry

Cited by 20 publications

References 39 publications

Impact of Oxygen Functional Groups on Reduced Graphene Oxide-Based Sensors for Ammonia and Toluene Detection at Room Temperature

Impact of Oxygen Functional Groups on Reduced Graphene Oxide-Based Sensors for Ammonia and Toluene Detection at Room Temperature

Vacuum-Ultraviolet-Excited and CH₂Cl₂/H₂O-Amplified Ionization-Coupled Mass Spectrometry for Oxygenated Organics Analysis

Graphene-based Materials in Gas Sensor Applications: A Review

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Detection of sub-pptv benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene via low-pressure photoionization mass spectrometry

Cited by 20 publications

References 39 publications

Impact of Oxygen Functional Groups on Reduced Graphene Oxide-Based Sensors for Ammonia and Toluene Detection at Room Temperature

Impact of Oxygen Functional Groups on Reduced Graphene Oxide-Based Sensors for Ammonia and Toluene Detection at Room Temperature

Vacuum-Ultraviolet-Excited and CH2Cl2/H2O-Amplified Ionization-Coupled Mass Spectrometry for Oxygenated Organics Analysis

Graphene-based Materials in Gas Sensor Applications: A Review

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Vacuum-Ultraviolet-Excited and CH₂Cl₂/H₂O-Amplified Ionization-Coupled Mass Spectrometry for Oxygenated Organics Analysis