“…This is in spite of the fact that, even in the absence of applied stress, there exists a macroscopic easy axis that is parallel to the axis of the steel pipe section. (12,13) The active and residual MFL scans of the third defect, an irregular gouge, are shown in Figure 12. Although the actual length, width, and maximum depression of the gouge are about 125 mm, 26 mm, and 14 mm, respectively, the overall depression is not limited to an area of just 125 mm ϫ 26 mm because of depression of the surrounding region during the gouge formation.…”