A nanoengineered
interface fabricated by self-assembly enables
the online determination of vitamin B12 via a simple luminescence
readout in serum without any pretreatment. The interplay of Tm3+-doped NaYF4 nanoparticles (UCNPs) and a gold
nanotriangle array prepared by nanosphere lithography on a glass slide
is responsible for an efficient NIR to UV upconversion. Hot spots
of the gold assembly generate local electromagnetic-field enhancement,
favoring the four-photon upconversion process at the low-power excitation
of approximately 13 W·cm–2. An improvement
by about 6 times of the intensity for the emission peaking at 345
nm is achieved. The nanoengineered interface has been applied in a
proof-of-concept sensor for vitamin B12 in serum, which is known as
a marker for the risk of cancer; Alzheimer disease; or, during pregnancy,
neurological abnormalities in newborn babies. Vitamin B12 can be detected
in serum down to 3.0 nmol·L–1 by a simple intensity-based
optical readout, consuming only 200 μL of a sample, which qualifies
as easy miniaturization for point-of-care diagnostics. Additionally,
this label-free approach can be used for long-term monitoring because
of the high photostability of the upconversion nanoparticles.