Detection of sensorimotor contingencies in infants before the age of 1 year: A comprehensive review.

Jacquey, Lisa; Fagard, Jacqueline; Esseily, Rana; Ο’Regan, J. Kevin

doi:10.1037/dev0000916

Cited by 13 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 90 publications

(175 reference statements)

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“…Recent technological developments enabling more sensitive measurements have led to a renewed interest in individual differences in the learning and retention abilities of infants in the mobile paradigm. Given that previous reports have indicated that not all infants can learn the contingency in the mobile paradigm (Gerhardstein et al, 2012;Jacquey et al, 2020a), investigating behavioral differences between learners and non-learners has gained importance. In a study in which the mobile was activated only if the target leg exceeded a virtual threshold, infants who were able to learn the task exhibited different movement kinematics (e.g., less in-phase hip-knee coordination) compared to non-learners during the acquisition phase (Sargent et al, 2015).…”

Section: Recent Yearsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent critique of the replicability of this learning effect by Jacquey et al (2020a) pointed to the publication failures of several research groups due to unreliable learning effects. They noted that learning and memory of infants in the mobile paradigm were inferred from observational techniques (e.g., counting the number of kicks), with an imprecise operational definition of kicking behavior.…”

Section: Critique On Mobile Paradigm Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For more than 50 years, the mobile paradigm was used to study a wide range of topics, from perceptual abilities to the long-term memory capacity of young infants, challenging contemporary views on the capabilities of and learning opportunities available to young infants. Although a recent article (Jacquey et al, 2020a) reviewed the literature on contingency learning paradigms, including the mobile paradigm, to examine different determinants affecting learning sensorimotor contingencies, no review has yet attempted to integrate the entire range of studies using the mobile paradigm from Rovee and Rovee (1969) to today (Jacquey et al, 2020b;Zaadnoordijk et al, 2020). Additionally, the present review discusses a role for a new account on the mobile paradigm by offering a critical perspective on some aspects of this literature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Making the World Behave: A New Embodied Account on Mobile Paradigm

Sen

Gredebäck

2021

Front. Syst. Neurosci.

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In this review article, we describe the mobile paradigm, a method used for more than 50 years to assess how infants learn and remember sensorimotor contingencies. The literature on the mobile paradigm demonstrates that infants below 6 months of age can remember the learning environment weeks after when reminded periodically and integrate temporally distributed information across modalities. The latter ability is only possible if events occur within a temporal window of a few days, and the width of this required window changes as a function of age. A major critique of these conclusions is that the majority of this literature has neglected the embodied experience, such that motor behavior was considered an equivalent developmental substitute for verbal behavior. Over recent years, simulation and empirical work have highlighted the sensorimotor aspect and opened up a discussion for possible learning mechanisms and variability in motor preferences of young infants. In line with this recent direction, we present a new embodied account on the mobile paradigm which argues that learning sensorimotor contingencies is a core feature of development forming the basis for active exploration of the world and body. In addition to better explaining recent findings, this new framework aims to replace the dis-embodied approach to the mobile paradigm with a new understanding that focuses on variance and representations grounded in sensorimotor experience. Finally, we discuss a potential role for the dorsal stream which might be responsible for guiding action according to visual information, while infants learn sensorimotor contingencies in the mobile paradigm.

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Section: Recent Yearsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Critique On Mobile Paradigm Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Making the World Behave: A New Embodied Account on Mobile Paradigm

Sen

Gredebäck

2021

Front. Syst. Neurosci.

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“…Our sample was slightly older, which may have affected contingency detection. In paradigms using other sensory modalities discrimination ability emerges at different ages, and might even switch between a preference for contingent first, and then for non-contingent (Jacquey et al, 2020). Recent theories of interoceptive development state its importance for effective infant-caregiver interactions to maintain homeostasis (Ciaunica & Crucianelli, 2019;Filippetti, 2021;Fotopoulou & Tsakiris, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiac Interoception in Infants: Behavioral and Neurophysiological Measures in Various Emotional and Self-Related Contexts

Weijs¹,

Daum²,

Lenggenhager³

2022

Preprint

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Interoception, the perception of internal bodily signals, is fundamental to our sense of self. Even though theoretical accounts suggest an important role for interoception in the development of the self, empirical investigations are limited, in particular, in infancy. Previous studies used preferential-looking paradigms to assess the detection of sensorimotor and multisensory contingencies in infancy, usually related to proprioception and touch. So far, only one single recent study reported that infants discriminated audiovisual stimuli that were presented synchronous or asynchronous with their heartbeat. This discrimination was related to the amplitude of the infant’s heartbeat evoked potentials (HEP), a neural correlate of interoception. In the current study, we measured looking preferences between synchronous and asynchronous visuocardiac (bimodal), and audiovisuocardiac (trimodal) stimuli as well as the HEP in conditions of different emotional contexts and with different degrees of self- relatedness in a mirror-like setup. While the infants preferred trimodal to bimodal stimuli, we did not observe the predicted differences between synchronous and asynchronous stimulation. Furthermore, the HEP was not modulated by either the emotional context or by the self-relatedness. These findings contradict previously published findings and highlight the need for further studies on the early development of interoception in relation to the development of the self.

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“…Early work by Watson and Rovee-Collier had shown the effectiveness of the mobile paradigm in demonstrating young infants' sensitivity to sensorimotor contingencies. Later work then predominantly used the paradigm as a tool in order to test infants' learning, memory, recognition, or categorization abilities, leading to a very considerable literature (for comprehensive overviews see Rovee-Collier and Gekoski, 1979;Jacquey et al, 2020a). Multiple publications have shown, for example, the importance of an infant's age in determining sensitivity to contingency, the role of environmental context, of previous experience, of the specificity of the movement that provokes the stimulation, the effect of delays between movement and stimulation, the effect of changes in the stimulus, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

6-Month-Old Infants’ Sensitivity to Contingency in a Variant of the Mobile Paradigm With Proximal Stimulation Studied at Fine Temporal Resolution in the Laboratory

et al. 2021

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Infants’ ability to monitor “sensorimotor contingencies,” i.e., the sensory effects of their own actions, is an important mechanism underlying learning. One method that has been used to investigate this is the “mobile paradigm,” in which a mobile above an infant’s crib is activated by motion of one of the infant’s limbs. Although successfully used in numerous experiments performed in infants’ homes to investigate memory and other types of learning, the paradigm seems less robust for demonstrating sensitivity to sensorimotor contingencies when used in the laboratory. One purpose of the present work was to show that certain changes to the mobile paradigm would make it easier for infants to show their sensitivity to the contingency in the lab. In particular, we used proximal stimulation on infants’ wrists instead of the usual mobile, and our stimulation was coincident with the limbs that caused it. Our stimulation was either on or off, i.e., not modulated by the amount the infant moved. Finally, we used a “shaping” procedure to help the infant discover the contingency. In addition to these changes in the paradigm, by analyzing infants’ limb activity at 10-s resolution instead of the usual 1-min resolution, we were able to show that infants’ sensitivity to the contingency became apparent already within the first minute of establishment of the contingency. Finally, we showed how two alternate measures of sensitivity to contingency based on probability of repeated movements and on “stop and go” motion strategies may be of interest for future work.

show abstract

Detection of sensorimotor contingencies in infants before the age of 1 year: A comprehensive review.

Cited by 13 publications

References 90 publications

Making the World Behave: A New Embodied Account on Mobile Paradigm

Making the World Behave: A New Embodied Account on Mobile Paradigm

Cardiac Interoception in Infants: Behavioral and Neurophysiological Measures in Various Emotional and Self-Related Contexts

6-Month-Old Infants’ Sensitivity to Contingency in a Variant of the Mobile Paradigm With Proximal Stimulation Studied at Fine Temporal Resolution in the Laboratory

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